Frontiers in Protein and Peptide Sciences

Volume: 2

Immunoinformatics and its Role in Vaccine Development

Author(s): Iqra Mehmood, Amna Bari, Sajjad Ahmad, Anam Naz, Farah Shahid, Usman Ali Ashfaq, Kishver Tusleem and Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar * .

Pp: 30-65 (36)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815036663121020004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Immunoinformatics is currently an emerging field that has accelerated immunological research to a great extent. It is playing a significant role in antigen identification, immunodiagnostic development, and vaccine design. The arrival of genome sequencing with recent advancements in immunoinformatics has provided a lot of data that can be annotated using databases and tools to reduce the cost required for antibody and vaccine development, ultimately saving time, cost, and resources. The selection and identification of immunogenic regions from the pathogen genomes by computational methods play an important role in devising new hypotheses by a comprehensive examination of immunologic data composite, which is otherwise impossible to achieve by using traditional methods alone. Presently, many epitopebased vaccines, especially multi-epitope vaccines designed employing immunoinformatics approaches, are successfully trailed and being developed against pathogens. In this chapter, we provide an outline of the recent progress in the field of vaccinology and immunoinformatics, enlisted recent tools and databases available for epitopes prediction, validation, and vaccine design, and give a brief description of the role of immunoinformatics in vaccine design against recent COVID-19.


Keywords: Computationally designed vaccines, Immunoinformatics, Reverse vaccinology, Subtractive genomics.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version178msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[03:11:31] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (92.23ms)time
  • Application (86.04ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (51.73%)
    92.23ms
    1 x Application (48.26%)
    86.04ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed31.72ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('873362154','',1,1739848291,1739848291) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739848291
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('873362154','/chapter/15990',1,1739848291,1739848291)
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 873362154 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 873362154) limit 1
      17.32msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 873362154
      • 1: 873362154
      • 2: 873362154
      • 3: 873362154
      • 4: 873362154
      • 5: 873362154
      • 6: 873362154
      • 7: 873362154
      • 8: 873362154
      • 9: 873362154
      • 10: 873362154
      • 11: 873362154
      • 12: 873362154
      • 13: 873362154
      • 14: 873362154
      • 15: 873362154
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '15990' limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 15990
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '15990' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      2.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 15990
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '15990'
      1.36msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 15990
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 415 limit 1
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 415
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=415) and se.ebook_id!=415 and v.ebook_status='1'
      2.27msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=415) and se.ebook_id!=415 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      920μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=415)
      470μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=415) limit 10 offset 0
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 3159 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 3159
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 415 and ebook_volume_id <> 3159 limit 1
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 415
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '15990' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3159' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848291 and j.to_date >= 1739848291 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3159) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848291 and j.to_date >= 1739848291 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3159) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848291 and j.to_date >= 1739848291 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3159)
      750μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848291 and j.to_date >= 1739848291 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15990) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848291 and j.to_date >= 1739848291 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15990) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848291 and j.to_date >= 1739848291 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15990)
      990μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3159 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848291 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848291 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.2msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3159
      • 3: 1739848291
      • 4: 1739848291
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='62a7ca827e3a1c84bb3e552a2553964a'
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        YCBqXfKFzlqm9RoyeBpTygJwpuIlGGWJSEabN1ok
        uc_cart_id
        62a7ca827e3a1c84bb3e552a2553964a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15990" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15990
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "_ga=GA1.1.1833927519.1739848286; fpestid=4IQcgQHbprkXyjqMQ7ZHh50MU_85ov6jRnRcFpK_y4r-w6MaHzZ1ObctAzjhZjYnA3DCNQ; _ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739848286.1.1.1739848286.60.0.0; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFzNm9JelhEMzhZOUtuM3dxQlJWYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN3dRUGgrOEY2MndLMkUzeDBFbVdWZ1dObVNkYXl4djZ2OXV6L3hLeDM3UT0iLCJtYWMiOiIxZTZjMGM4MzBiZjQ5YjEyOTEyNzg3NjY1OGRkZDZjMTk4MmZmMzcxMWIyMDk5MTBjMzU5NDk2YzVhZTVhZDU1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRON215TTh1K1BIdVNNMHo1d2YvUVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOHp5ejl2YmV3cnZ1TmZFQllkK214NGZDV1FiRzBQanluOEVsUGEvVlFjQ0dXZGpMaHJIa0JJV242a0V4NGhnc2x6c0ZMWDFtcnhGU2JNb0tKVHZwVm0xZ1REcWZYc2c2aElzOUl0NGxoN3NoUHdZTkR1elJkNGQ2QVpjVHJscEkiLCJtYWMiOiIxYWFhZmQ2ZGEyOWNkMmE3ODdkMTNhY2MwN2JkYTFmYTU2ODhkMmE5NTYzNzFiNzNhMTQzYjMwMGNmYmNjMzJkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkRqajA2ODk5TEM3aC9uUlA0SjNrR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjJnQW0vQzdESW5wSnFuTUhYUUpaUklSb1Blbm1vYjcrQzdGWWtoRE9EK2lpRWd2c2tEdnd4VHJPRVl1OFBpeHlVU0tITEc0eEc5QVZUbjJ2bEFjdG16cDdidXZxaS9vTjlTVmhrM2tyWXR6WVVydG9ib1FCYWMyVmNxSi9jVmUiLCJtYWMiOiJiZDU4YzU1Y2E3M2E3NmExZjA0ZTgxYTNkODBmM2FiNDNiODY3YWMwOTA4NTU0YjU2NmM3NWU1MzQzNzNmOTA3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_ga=GA1.1.1833927519.1739848286; fpestid=4IQcgQHbprkXyjqMQ7ZHh50MU_85ov6jRnRcFpK_y4r-w6MaHzZ1ObctAzjhZjYnA3DCNQ; _ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739848286.1.1.1739848286." ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:6 [ "_ga" => null "fpestid" => null "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3" => null "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "YCBqXfKFzlqm9RoyeBpTygJwpuIlGGWJSEabN1ok" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "gB5QToDyTpXVHwPOAGFwHX9isaxOH1wy9ki91WId" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:11:31 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRDVVR6ejdLTUxtczdMUmdlSDdyeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK211dCtkenU5VGlxMjZ5ZyttWmhOQmtUQ1pRVHk5T0VmMVNkbExWTURXUjBoMjN4L3JjL0Z6WjJIbHdzYkY1TmQ4QmN5VXFwUXcxVFRhQitBcTJKNWk5aTgzSzZRd1ZpYUdCRUF5Vkgrcm84VWFkTG9pMUpPRkpKc0JNbTU1MUwiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZDhiMzYwZjEwNDJhMDg0N2I3ZThjZWIzMzgwNzEzZjk0NDc4ZjY2OTkwMjE4YzNkMmE3YzgyMmZjNDVmOThlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:11:31 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRDVVR6ejdLTUxtczdMUmdlSDdyeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK211dCtkenU5VGlxMjZ5ZyttWmhOQmtUQ1pRVHk5T0VmMVNkbExWTURXUjBoMjN4L3JjL0Z6WjJIbHdzYkY1TmQ4QmN5V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVBQXFPSk1iRUswT3huVS9ZSE0xY0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYXdsTTVFUG56QmJDL0I2R3IzbXpHN29QNGlhVlBtbGRnL0ZQV0ZQdTgyeWxBcVlzUCtBSHI1VTF2dnh0eE9CREQwNzZkMThHa2g4VjZtbkFhOUUvcS9vUi8zd1FvWU56Z2hlaEtmL3dacVNkNGM3OFE2RHhMZHBDL1ZhQ1BUUjciLCJtYWMiOiI0ZDcxNDIyMWRhNTc5OTBhMjJmZTg0NmY1NWVhMjcyOGE0NTlhMGUyODkxM2E5YzZhMTExMzc0OTUxOGMzNTdmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVBQXFPSk1iRUswT3huVS9ZSE0xY0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYXdsTTVFUG56QmJDL0I2R3IzbXpHN29QNGlhVlBtbGRnL0ZQV0ZQdTgyeWxBcVlzUCtBSHI1VTF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRDVVR6ejdLTUxtczdMUmdlSDdyeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK211dCtkenU5VGlxMjZ5ZyttWmhOQmtUQ1pRVHk5T0VmMVNkbExWTURXUjBoMjN4L3JjL0Z6WjJIbHdzYkY1TmQ4QmN5VXFwUXcxVFRhQitBcTJKNWk5aTgzSzZRd1ZpYUdCRUF5Vkgrcm84VWFkTG9pMUpPRkpKc0JNbTU1MUwiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZDhiMzYwZjEwNDJhMDg0N2I3ZThjZWIzMzgwNzEzZjk0NDc4ZjY2OTkwMjE4YzNkMmE3YzgyMmZjNDVmOThlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:11:31 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRDVVR6ejdLTUxtczdMUmdlSDdyeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK211dCtkenU5VGlxMjZ5ZyttWmhOQmtUQ1pRVHk5T0VmMVNkbExWTURXUjBoMjN4L3JjL0Z6WjJIbHdzYkY1TmQ4QmN5V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVBQXFPSk1iRUswT3huVS9ZSE0xY0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYXdsTTVFUG56QmJDL0I2R3IzbXpHN29QNGlhVlBtbGRnL0ZQV0ZQdTgyeWxBcVlzUCtBSHI1VTF2dnh0eE9CREQwNzZkMThHa2g4VjZtbkFhOUUvcS9vUi8zd1FvWU56Z2hlaEtmL3dacVNkNGM3OFE2RHhMZHBDL1ZhQ1BUUjciLCJtYWMiOiI0ZDcxNDIyMWRhNTc5OTBhMjJmZTg0NmY1NWVhMjcyOGE0NTlhMGUyODkxM2E5YzZhMTExMzc0OTUxOGMzNTdmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVBQXFPSk1iRUswT3huVS9ZSE0xY0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYXdsTTVFUG56QmJDL0I2R3IzbXpHN29QNGlhVlBtbGRnL0ZQV0ZQdTgyeWxBcVlzUCtBSHI1VTF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "YCBqXfKFzlqm9RoyeBpTygJwpuIlGGWJSEabN1ok" "uc_cart_id" => "62a7ca827e3a1c84bb3e552a2553964a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15990" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:11:31GET/chapter/15990112196