Cellular and Molecular Biology of Autism Spectrum Disorders

The Search for Plausible Role of Oxytocin in Etiology and Therapy of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author(s): Anna Strunecka, Russell L. Blaylock, Mark A. Hyman and Ivo Paclt

Pp: 173-185 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805196011001010173

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The discoveries of novel sites of oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in central nervous system have greatly expanded the classical biological roles of oxytocin (OT), which are stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at parturition and milk ejection during lactation. Central actions of OT range from the modulation of the response on individual synapses to the establishment of complex social and bonding behaviors. While there are currently no animal models reflecting the broad range of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) behavioral and neurological phenotypes, studies of vole pair bonding and sexual behavior provided important clues useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior. It has been suggested that OT dysfunction might contribute to the development of social deficits in autism, a core symptom domain and potential target for intervention. The intranasal administration of OT has been reported to reduce repetitive behaviors in adult patients with ASD. The studies of the possible role of OT in ASD etiology have raised interest but also brought some contradictory findings. Though there are preliminary promising findings with OT intranasal delivery in autistic adults, further studies are needed to replicate these findings on a large scale. Studies concerning the safety of these potential treatments are needed as well.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59689235 and j.to_ip >=59689235 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834380 and j.to_date >= 1739834380 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1583) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59689235 and j.to_ip >=59689235 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834380 and j.to_date >= 1739834380 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1583) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59689235 and j.to_ip >=59689235 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834380 and j.to_date >= 1739834380 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1583)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 905 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834380 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834380 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 905
      • 3: 1739834380
      • 4: 1739834380
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='17b48279fb250b60b4013ab37dce57e8'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        qOZkPRknQk2cOJ5r1L8FZdq8youj6IElfW11zH2U
        uc_cart_id
        17b48279fb250b60b4013ab37dce57e8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1583" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1583
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:19:40 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBodGdHUDVtRDExeXd1M1FYM0ltRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0tNUTY2akhjNUdweW1kUk5PbmZDZmlWa2sxS3E1NFpxdHdMbU1JdS9Ba2N5TXBDN3VvRzI0YXRGbENLR0dEQTBuRFE3Z3IvQWNSb0g1YUdjYmZRZEFzRmdMdWFVMEhtcTdpckRNZklhWlhWRzU5empMQ05DWUNpZHV1ZFpZelEiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZDUxOGI5MDRiNWU1YjMzODMwYTI2MzQ0NzVlNjJhYmYwNjNhNmU0OTkwMDg5OGUyZWJkNTU2MDgxZTM2NWY0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:19:40 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBodGdHUDVtRDExeXd1M1FYM0ltRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0tNUTY2akhjNUdweW1kUk5PbmZDZmlWa2sxS3E1NFpxdHdMbU1JdS9Ba2N5TXBDN3VvRzI0YXRGbENLR0dEQTBuRFE3Z" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ5ZmEyTVdlbjI3dERHdm5HRnoyeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicWFvL0dIWHBZVS9hUVM5RGdxNUFSdlB4TmNueFc3YWNQbG5jRGV5MnNaOTFHWDNTY1BEVERxRDNVQU5LbXlNaG9TSHNGM2dBSENBSUlDdmlzdlNFSnY5ZW91NG1Ud0xmTlpmUXR2ZSs1amY5MmU2YjliaitOWTZaMkY2eE0yNzUiLCJtYWMiOiJlM2I3MmQ1ODhmZjE3NzQwZjU2NzUyZjBiNTQzY2M5ZDVmMjkzZDAzODYzMGUyODkyMWY0ZGUyNWNlYzhkNmYyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ5ZmEyTVdlbjI3dERHdm5HRnoyeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicWFvL0dIWHBZVS9hUVM5RGdxNUFSdlB4TmNueFc3YWNQbG5jRGV5MnNaOTFHWDNTY1BEVERxRDN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBodGdHUDVtRDExeXd1M1FYM0ltRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0tNUTY2akhjNUdweW1kUk5PbmZDZmlWa2sxS3E1NFpxdHdMbU1JdS9Ba2N5TXBDN3VvRzI0YXRGbENLR0dEQTBuRFE3Z3IvQWNSb0g1YUdjYmZRZEFzRmdMdWFVMEhtcTdpckRNZklhWlhWRzU5empMQ05DWUNpZHV1ZFpZelEiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZDUxOGI5MDRiNWU1YjMzODMwYTI2MzQ0NzVlNjJhYmYwNjNhNmU0OTkwMDg5OGUyZWJkNTU2MDgxZTM2NWY0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:19:40 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBodGdHUDVtRDExeXd1M1FYM0ltRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0tNUTY2akhjNUdweW1kUk5PbmZDZmlWa2sxS3E1NFpxdHdMbU1JdS9Ba2N5TXBDN3VvRzI0YXRGbENLR0dEQTBuRFE3Z" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ5ZmEyTVdlbjI3dERHdm5HRnoyeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicWFvL0dIWHBZVS9hUVM5RGdxNUFSdlB4TmNueFc3YWNQbG5jRGV5MnNaOTFHWDNTY1BEVERxRDNVQU5LbXlNaG9TSHNGM2dBSENBSUlDdmlzdlNFSnY5ZW91NG1Ud0xmTlpmUXR2ZSs1amY5MmU2YjliaitOWTZaMkY2eE0yNzUiLCJtYWMiOiJlM2I3MmQ1ODhmZjE3NzQwZjU2NzUyZjBiNTQzY2M5ZDVmMjkzZDAzODYzMGUyODkyMWY0ZGUyNWNlYzhkNmYyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ5ZmEyTVdlbjI3dERHdm5HRnoyeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicWFvL0dIWHBZVS9hUVM5RGdxNUFSdlB4TmNueFc3YWNQbG5jRGV5MnNaOTFHWDNTY1BEVERxRDN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "qOZkPRknQk2cOJ5r1L8FZdq8youj6IElfW11zH2U" "uc_cart_id" => "17b48279fb250b60b4013ab37dce57e8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1583" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:19:40GET/chapter/1583112192