Psychological Assessment and Interventions for Individuals Linked to Radicalization and Lone Wolf Terrorism

Philosophical, Epistemological and Ontological Bases in the Study of Psychology of Lone Wolf Radicalization and Terrorism

Author(s): Carlo Lazzari*, Abdul Nusair and Marco Rabottini

Pp: 112-130 (19)

DOI: 10.2174/9789814998338121010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The current chapter focuses on the theoretical aspects of research on radicalization and lone wolf terrorism. The aim is to extract the justification of our research goals and tools and explore what ground we made our assumption of truth about the social phenomenon investigated. Several doctrines of thought are here revisited to frame our observations on radicalization and terrorism. The philosophical, ontological, and epistemological bases of psychological research in radicalization and terrorism are formulated in the current chapter.


Keywords: Epistemology, Lone Wolf, Ontology, Philosophy, Research, Terrorism.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59884719 and j.to_ip >=59884719 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971928 and j.to_date >= 1739971928 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15357) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59884719 and j.to_ip >=59884719 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971928 and j.to_date >= 1739971928 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15357) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59884719 and j.to_ip >=59884719 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971928 and j.to_date >= 1739971928 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15357)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3107 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971929 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971929 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.44msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3107
      • 3: 1739971929
      • 4: 1739971929
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='49348e3a87831aad23f3d5c185fb1065'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        tV2ttFJMyAuu3l2q5ZoCPr77tgXhjsEHMvhXQoWk
        uc_cart_id
        49348e3a87831aad23f3d5c185fb1065
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15357" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15357
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFtK3lNZys4ci82aXNycGE2MC8vSVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0FjeGdCR08rQVk3N3RPR1JJV0kwTUt1Z0VDeDBSTlJmZlRlb1lodkdFdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI5NmE2ZjJlNDQyNzRmZmZlYTc0NDcxYmZlZTE4MzA5NzAxY2ZmZTU1YzM2YmRjNjY1OTBiYmUxM2VmZTIwOWM0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFtK3lNZys4ci82aXNycGE2MC8vSVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0FjeGdCR08rQVk3N3RPR1JJV0kwTUt1Z0VDeDBSTlJmZlRlb1lodkdFdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI5NmE2ZjJlNDQyNzRm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:32:09 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9HS2JpNVd4VDNPdEJXOTl1aTUxRUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjYyTVozVkRtb3hPTHZlblNjNUc2ZktwUHBoRHJkMkNUL3BLY3EwelVGcmhDR1lpbFN0cE5wdGhET2lrM2kxdGd2YTM0N0FEVS9hWTVLVFJaZ3UrbjVEZjZReWJzSnNOOVl1SXUxZDNqUDcyWTlwUjdOOWtNNnhMWW9RSXVKdlYiLCJtYWMiOiI2MDc1NzBhZjY1ZmRhOWViNjllYmY3YjQ1YzMwOWIyM2M5ODliNjgzZjMwYzRlMzM4M2FlYzdmMGI1MTY5ZTVhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:32:09 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9HS2JpNVd4VDNPdEJXOTl1aTUxRUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjYyTVozVkRtb3hPTHZlblNjNUc2ZktwUHBoRHJkMkNUL3BLY3EwelVGcmhDR1lpbFN0cE5wdGhET2lrM2kxdGd2YTM0N" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlyOU5GYlhKblJDZGxMclJjS2JXcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXBBczIraUM1ZlBSeFJ0V1lPR3RTSE9PTTEvTFY1aGZZamhoamxRYllqRW9rWjFmRmJMaWRHcFlEUVZEUmZJSkxjYW91UHlYcElsL3BLQXBCUWFrY2dCbVpMTi9RRDRGcHZscjBKdFlFZ0d1bHVSVndoS2JWNFpzVUkwaitNYS8iLCJtYWMiOiJkNzUyZGRjNjI5ZjYzOTUwMmQ5MGM4ODQ4ZTAyOGU4OWUyNTIzOWFjZTQyMmMyNzcxYTc3NzllYWFjOTdlODdkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlyOU5GYlhKblJDZGxMclJjS2JXcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXBBczIraUM1ZlBSeFJ0V1lPR3RTSE9PTTEvTFY1aGZZamhoamxRYllqRW9rWjFmRmJMaWRHcFl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9HS2JpNVd4VDNPdEJXOTl1aTUxRUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjYyTVozVkRtb3hPTHZlblNjNUc2ZktwUHBoRHJkMkNUL3BLY3EwelVGcmhDR1lpbFN0cE5wdGhET2lrM2kxdGd2YTM0N0FEVS9hWTVLVFJaZ3UrbjVEZjZReWJzSnNOOVl1SXUxZDNqUDcyWTlwUjdOOWtNNnhMWW9RSXVKdlYiLCJtYWMiOiI2MDc1NzBhZjY1ZmRhOWViNjllYmY3YjQ1YzMwOWIyM2M5ODliNjgzZjMwYzRlMzM4M2FlYzdmMGI1MTY5ZTVhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:32:09 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9HS2JpNVd4VDNPdEJXOTl1aTUxRUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjYyTVozVkRtb3hPTHZlblNjNUc2ZktwUHBoRHJkMkNUL3BLY3EwelVGcmhDR1lpbFN0cE5wdGhET2lrM2kxdGd2YTM0N" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlyOU5GYlhKblJDZGxMclJjS2JXcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXBBczIraUM1ZlBSeFJ0V1lPR3RTSE9PTTEvTFY1aGZZamhoamxRYllqRW9rWjFmRmJMaWRHcFlEUVZEUmZJSkxjYW91UHlYcElsL3BLQXBCUWFrY2dCbVpMTi9RRDRGcHZscjBKdFlFZ0d1bHVSVndoS2JWNFpzVUkwaitNYS8iLCJtYWMiOiJkNzUyZGRjNjI5ZjYzOTUwMmQ5MGM4ODQ4ZTAyOGU4OWUyNTIzOWFjZTQyMmMyNzcxYTc3NzllYWFjOTdlODdkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlyOU5GYlhKblJDZGxMclJjS2JXcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXBBczIraUM1ZlBSeFJ0V1lPR3RTSE9PTTEvTFY1aGZZamhoamxRYllqRW9rWjFmRmJMaWRHcFl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "tV2ttFJMyAuu3l2q5ZoCPr77tgXhjsEHMvhXQoWk" "uc_cart_id" => "49348e3a87831aad23f3d5c185fb1065" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15357" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:32:09GET/chapter/15357112198