Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry: Experimental Advances and Simulations (Part I)

An Experimental and Simulation Study to Address Variabilities and Uncertainties in Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium Ingestion for a Vegetarian Diet

Author(s): Ashish Yadav, Kaniska Biswas, Mukesh Sharma*, Arunima Khare and Pavan K. Nagar

Pp: 101-118 (18)

DOI: 10.2174/9789814998277121010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The risk of adverse health effects of heavy metals, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), was characterized by considering dietary intake of food items and resulting levels of biomarkers, blood Pb levels (PbB), and urinary Cd levels (CdU). Specifically, 35 food items (cereals, pulses, vegetables, and fruits), used in a vegetarian diet in India, were considered. Samples of food items were taken in the winter and autumn seasons and were analysed for Pb and Cd. The observed concentrations were translated into probability density functions (PDF) and Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate levels of chronic daily intake (CDI) that accounted for variability in (i) body weight, (ii) concentration in food and (iii) amount of food intake. The CDI levels were translated into equivalent PDF and the probabilities of exceedance of WHO-suggested provisional tolerable weekly intake of Pb and Cd were estimated. The probability of exceedance of the WHO tolerable limit was 5.55×10-3 for Pb and 7.36×10-4 for Cd. Further, CDIs were translated into PbB levels using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The estimated health risk from (i) ingestion of Pb (i.e., probability of exceedance of safe PbB level of 10 μg/dL) was 9.24×10-3 and (ii) ingestion of Cd (i.e., probability of exceedance of 5 μg/g creatinine) was 4.21×10-5, suggesting that Pb in the environment still poses a substantial risk despite its phasing out from gasoline.


Keywords: Biomarker, Cadmium, Exposure, Lead, Risk.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847688 and j.to_date >= 1739847688 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15342) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847688 and j.to_date >= 1739847688 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15342) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847688 and j.to_date >= 1739847688 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15342)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3106 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847688 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847688 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.01msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3106
      • 3: 1739847688
      • 4: 1739847688
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='66cebb9a8562f254f679c00e0cf3ee70'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        vUvRKFS6bUja73DApFlUqWATixxGNae7yug0B8eQ
        uc_cart_id
        66cebb9a8562f254f679c00e0cf3ee70
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15342" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15342
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "vUvRKFS6bUja73DApFlUqWATixxGNae7yug0B8eQ" "uc_cart_id" => "66cebb9a8562f254f679c00e0cf3ee70" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15342" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:01:28GET/chapter/15342112197