Oral Infections and Cardiovascular Disease

Linking the Evidence of Oral Infections as a Causal Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases

Author(s): Lise L. Haheim

Pp: 101-110 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805232511101010101

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Normal oral bacteria have an important function in the mouth in being a barrier towards unwanted microbes, they exhibit immunological properties, and saliva has a buffering capacity against their acid production in caries activity. Repressed normal flora causes overgrowth of pathogens. Unless adequately controlled an overload of bacteria will arise with the result of infections. Oral bacteria and their infection products produce a reaction by the immune system in the defense of potential harm from infections. It is apparent that many factors are involved as oral bacteria and their bacterial products have no function in the circulatory system. Chronic periodontitis and dental infections are to a great extent lifestyle diseases and as such are preventable in most instances. Coronary heart disease is also considered to be greatly influenced by lifestyle factors and is also acknowledged to be a disease of inflammation and oxidation. The possible outcomes of cardiovascular disease considered are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm of the aorta, and heart valve disease. This review examines the relations between the two diseases whether these are strong enough to establish oral infections as an independent risk factor for CVD. Bridging the knowledge gap between these disease entities is important and this research needs to be further developed.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314340157 and j.to_ip >=314340157 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458526 and j.to_date >= 1740458526 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1526) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314340157 and j.to_ip >=314340157 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458526 and j.to_date >= 1740458526 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1526) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314340157 and j.to_ip >=314340157 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458526 and j.to_date >= 1740458526 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1526)
      900μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 894 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458526 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458526 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.36msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 894
      • 3: 1740458526
      • 4: 1740458526
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='867c439b6f21334a84ec40fd93e97c9b'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jMLsncZ1hAwabrCoDgfmjKvYRXRc2h9vVWSaxw6H
        uc_cart_id
        867c439b6f21334a84ec40fd93e97c9b
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1526" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1526
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:42:06 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhoTEZublViUWpKcDJvUGJTU3BVVkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2RZYW04SWtsa1laaG1nWTl5dytwMzFGa1ZRa1FEcENIY3JBUTY4SkNvWVRFanQ2YkcvQ2JkWjlBTVM3eWlRUC9mMUYyczBCSDJNNzBPWWEzZjE0ai9hTjQrUjh2M2xQWmNleTdvMkVmM1EyVHNEMjRyUFlWNFdhMkl4b3pqRmoiLCJtYWMiOiJmZTRlZGI3M2I4MWM1NGI1OWU3MTRkZmJkMTYyYTNkNWMwYTdmNDJjNGRjNmUyZjE4M2ZhMTg2YWI1MmRjNmFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:42:06 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhoTEZublViUWpKcDJvUGJTU3BVVkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2RZYW04SWtsa1laaG1nWTl5dytwMzFGa1ZRa1FEcENIY3JBUTY4SkNvWVRFanQ2YkcvQ2JkWjlBTVM3eWlRUC9mMUYyc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpzbjJkVXYxRWtTa2dtREg4Nm5xZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3AzOThZYjhWM2Z3OFp5VDdNc0c2RnZ4VmYvTzZYWXkwNmluZUFsZ0xIdk9HMU5SRmZpWTJJaTlqMzd2RGxhaGhxUEJ4aXpZOTdIVXhvV2FNVWFrUWNYalEvbnVpY2E3d2szR1RBc0RzSEgyTllBcUZaeGg2Z1E1L21mWGJPMW8iLCJtYWMiOiIzMGRiZjZmODZjMjJjMjVkZTU4NDJkNWJiODQ0NTlhM2NhN2FhZTU4NDBlYTJmYTA3NjBhNWQ1Njg0YzRhMzk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpzbjJkVXYxRWtTa2dtREg4Nm5xZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3AzOThZYjhWM2Z3OFp5VDdNc0c2RnZ4VmYvTzZYWXkwNmluZUFsZ0xIdk9HMU5SRmZpWTJJaTl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhoTEZublViUWpKcDJvUGJTU3BVVkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2RZYW04SWtsa1laaG1nWTl5dytwMzFGa1ZRa1FEcENIY3JBUTY4SkNvWVRFanQ2YkcvQ2JkWjlBTVM3eWlRUC9mMUYyczBCSDJNNzBPWWEzZjE0ai9hTjQrUjh2M2xQWmNleTdvMkVmM1EyVHNEMjRyUFlWNFdhMkl4b3pqRmoiLCJtYWMiOiJmZTRlZGI3M2I4MWM1NGI1OWU3MTRkZmJkMTYyYTNkNWMwYTdmNDJjNGRjNmUyZjE4M2ZhMTg2YWI1MmRjNmFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:42:06 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhoTEZublViUWpKcDJvUGJTU3BVVkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2RZYW04SWtsa1laaG1nWTl5dytwMzFGa1ZRa1FEcENIY3JBUTY4SkNvWVRFanQ2YkcvQ2JkWjlBTVM3eWlRUC9mMUYyc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpzbjJkVXYxRWtTa2dtREg4Nm5xZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3AzOThZYjhWM2Z3OFp5VDdNc0c2RnZ4VmYvTzZYWXkwNmluZUFsZ0xIdk9HMU5SRmZpWTJJaTlqMzd2RGxhaGhxUEJ4aXpZOTdIVXhvV2FNVWFrUWNYalEvbnVpY2E3d2szR1RBc0RzSEgyTllBcUZaeGg2Z1E1L21mWGJPMW8iLCJtYWMiOiIzMGRiZjZmODZjMjJjMjVkZTU4NDJkNWJiODQ0NTlhM2NhN2FhZTU4NDBlYTJmYTA3NjBhNWQ1Njg0YzRhMzk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpzbjJkVXYxRWtTa2dtREg4Nm5xZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3AzOThZYjhWM2Z3OFp5VDdNc0c2RnZ4VmYvTzZYWXkwNmluZUFsZ0xIdk9HMU5SRmZpWTJJaTl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "jMLsncZ1hAwabrCoDgfmjKvYRXRc2h9vVWSaxw6H" "uc_cart_id" => "867c439b6f21334a84ec40fd93e97c9b" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1526" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:42:06GET/chapter/1526112193