Oral Infections and Cardiovascular Disease

Laboratory Methods for Analyzing Correlation between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Disease

Author(s): Anne K. Kristoffersen

Pp: 67-81 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805232511101010067

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease can be explored by a various set of methods. Correlation between microflora in periodontitis and atherosclerosis has to be solved at the strain level. The choice of methods depends on lab facilities, and skilled hands. Combining different methods avoid false positive observations and verify accurate identifications. Serology reveals the host response as systemic versus local by analyzing body fluids for inflammation biomarkers and antibodies against invading pathogens at species level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is useful to explore the localization and visualize the morphology of the microorganisms in the tissue. With the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, specific gene sequences can be explored in intact cells of the tissue sample and microorganisms can be differentiated at strain level. Proteomic analysis of the tissue sample reveals the active part of the infection, and detection of peptides that can be linked to specific microorganisms at strain level and host factors such as immune related factors. High through-put sequencing of total DNA from tissue samples reveals sequences from the tissue as well of microorganisms (metagenomics) but can be difficult to solve 100% because of lack of reference genomes of yet unidentified microorganisms when blasting those small sequence fragments. A sequence profile can be performed by cloning the 16S/18S PCR product or a genus-specific hybridization profiles by microarray hybridization. Whereas fingerprinting techniques based on pure bacteria or Candida make a specific fingerprinting pattern that can indicate strong correlation or not between samples from the same patient.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59071449 and j.to_ip >=59071449 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456326 and j.to_date >= 1740456326 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1523) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59071449 and j.to_ip >=59071449 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456326 and j.to_date >= 1740456326 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1523) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59071449 and j.to_ip >=59071449 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456326 and j.to_date >= 1740456326 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1523)
      560μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 894 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740456326 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740456326 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 894
      • 3: 1740456326
      • 4: 1740456326
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5d1899efbcbd3f0c808e7e9d82e357ea'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        R6KQgjyFL7nH9AXOf7zlicaqRzUMTjmbcgoscRC8
        uc_cart_id
        5d1899efbcbd3f0c808e7e9d82e357ea
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1523" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1523
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:05:26 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZ6Z1o1OVZiY1d4RTBCTnpkd1hNa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2J0V09BRFJZNTNlWmVVTlcyWjN2cmdsQnJSQ1lUT3Boa0RKdVUyUlY3NEFCRVBrL0YzWmI2WTBsbURXa0hjN1NEOWRhZ2daUmxyRE10NUFZK0N1ZmxkdDYwQThFb3hLWXc3VExGeVFIMCtqU0ZLeE1mSy9aZEd0ZGtjTFRuTGIiLCJtYWMiOiJiYzQyYzU0MDE3Zjc2Mjk4N2ZhY2M3N2Y2MGQ4MjExNmY4MjYwZDhhZjVlZmIxYzU4YWMzM2NjZjRiZTc1NjBlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:05:26 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZ6Z1o1OVZiY1d4RTBCTnpkd1hNa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2J0V09BRFJZNTNlWmVVTlcyWjN2cmdsQnJSQ1lUT3Boa0RKdVUyUlY3NEFCRVBrL0YzWmI2WTBsbURXa0hjN1NEOWRhZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllVWmdGLzh4MzRtRE81K05aL0VpeEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXNQVWRUNXV5UmVGZERGemh5ZjVMMjdEa1dwNUZuUW5tY1VBT2wzNVJJZTZMVStPVVV4aE0wcjVqck1ZNEh6NDZER0R2UkIwQnYrdHRtUFJlMC9TQ05McU1sOEhTUVVuZWwrRGFMYTFMY3d1ZEJMR04vYmQyYWxzV1pockEvNlMiLCJtYWMiOiIxMmY4Y2M2YzU4MzIyOGNmOGExYjUxNTA3YzZmMGZhOThhNWU5YTVhNDY4OTJhZTUzZTRlZWNmOGUzZGQ4NGNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllVWmdGLzh4MzRtRE81K05aL0VpeEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXNQVWRUNXV5UmVGZERGemh5ZjVMMjdEa1dwNUZuUW5tY1VBT2wzNVJJZTZMVStPVVV4aE0wcjV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZ6Z1o1OVZiY1d4RTBCTnpkd1hNa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2J0V09BRFJZNTNlWmVVTlcyWjN2cmdsQnJSQ1lUT3Boa0RKdVUyUlY3NEFCRVBrL0YzWmI2WTBsbURXa0hjN1NEOWRhZ2daUmxyRE10NUFZK0N1ZmxkdDYwQThFb3hLWXc3VExGeVFIMCtqU0ZLeE1mSy9aZEd0ZGtjTFRuTGIiLCJtYWMiOiJiYzQyYzU0MDE3Zjc2Mjk4N2ZhY2M3N2Y2MGQ4MjExNmY4MjYwZDhhZjVlZmIxYzU4YWMzM2NjZjRiZTc1NjBlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:05:26 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZ6Z1o1OVZiY1d4RTBCTnpkd1hNa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2J0V09BRFJZNTNlWmVVTlcyWjN2cmdsQnJSQ1lUT3Boa0RKdVUyUlY3NEFCRVBrL0YzWmI2WTBsbURXa0hjN1NEOWRhZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllVWmdGLzh4MzRtRE81K05aL0VpeEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXNQVWRUNXV5UmVGZERGemh5ZjVMMjdEa1dwNUZuUW5tY1VBT2wzNVJJZTZMVStPVVV4aE0wcjVqck1ZNEh6NDZER0R2UkIwQnYrdHRtUFJlMC9TQ05McU1sOEhTUVVuZWwrRGFMYTFMY3d1ZEJMR04vYmQyYWxzV1pockEvNlMiLCJtYWMiOiIxMmY4Y2M2YzU4MzIyOGNmOGExYjUxNTA3YzZmMGZhOThhNWU5YTVhNDY4OTJhZTUzZTRlZWNmOGUzZGQ4NGNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllVWmdGLzh4MzRtRE81K05aL0VpeEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXNQVWRUNXV5UmVGZERGemh5ZjVMMjdEa1dwNUZuUW5tY1VBT2wzNVJJZTZMVStPVVV4aE0wcjV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "R6KQgjyFL7nH9AXOf7zlicaqRzUMTjmbcgoscRC8" "uc_cart_id" => "5d1899efbcbd3f0c808e7e9d82e357ea" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1523" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:05:26GET/chapter/1523112193