Coronaviruses

Volume: 2

COVID19: Preventive and Protective Control Management Strategies

Author(s): Kalyani Pathak*, Manash Pratim Pathak, Urvashee Gogoi, Riya Saikia and Aparoop Das

Pp: 32-62 (31)

DOI: 10.2174/9789814998604121020004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

COVID-19 was identified as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The uncontrolled transmission of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) in almost 215 countries has posed a serious health issue among the world population. Cases of COVID-19 have emerged from the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, South China, in December 2019 and have been rapidly spreading throughout the world since then. In this chapter, we have tried to extract data from various research reports, WHO guidelines, and other published articles to summarize the prevention strategies for COVID-19. This disease causes varying degrees of illness in patients like fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and other related symptoms. There are no drugs or other therapeutics presently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Current clinical management includes infection prevention, control measures, and supportive care through anti-viral, anti-microbial as well as immuno-modulating drugs as first-line treatment, followed by symptomatic treatment and oxygen therapy. Besides drugs, plasma convalescent therapy is being utilized in serious patients, but most of the vaccine candidates developed against SARS-CoV-2 are in the clinical trial stages. It is necessary to identify the potential cases as early as possible and isolate the vulnerable population from the confirmed cases of COVID-19, to prevent the potential transmission of infection to healthy people, other patients, and health care staff. Early protection, early identification, early diagnosis, and early isolation are crucial to combat the COVID-19 outbreak. Improved personal protection and hygiene management at community levels should be officially endorsed to protect the population from infections. Proper arrangement of medical resources (i.e., oxygen supply, ventilators, PPE kits, gloves, sanitizer) can prevent the crucial damage caused by the disease. Another pressing need of the hour is to promptly discriminate patients with COVID-19 from other febrile diseases. Thus, the need of the hour is to develop rapid and accurate diagnostic technologies that can help the world to win the war against such viral pandemics.


Keywords: Breathlessness, COVID-19, Oxygen supply, Preventive strategies, SARS-CoV-2, Ventilators.

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      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '15228' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3097' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59142107 and j.to_ip >=59142107 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987855 and j.to_date >= 1739987855 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15228) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59142107 and j.to_ip >=59142107 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987855 and j.to_date >= 1739987855 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15228) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59142107 and j.to_ip >=59142107 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987855 and j.to_date >= 1739987855 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15228)
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3097 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739987855 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739987855 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3097
      • 3: 1739987855
      • 4: 1739987855
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8738c71db4b219a561ff6e0e93c2790a'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        lngBDip8ejbATm77oTL1XjOSnxxA1wvoDpcQGKDY
        uc_cart_id
        8738c71db4b219a561ff6e0e93c2790a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15228" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15228
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik1yWVVpUi9JSjFGZGhMRk9Xb1ljMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWs3d1FqYVBTaks4MGNWaUovZkYwTTRReDBJbUliQ1AwRDVkNDV3WXpNST0iLCJtYWMiOiI1Njk1YjUxOWRhNWNkZGZhODRiNGU1YzYxYjFiMjI5OWRhMGM0ZDRiMzhhMWZmMjQ4MjFlMTQ2ZjYyZjMyNzAxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik1yWVVpUi9JSjFGZGhMRk9Xb1ljMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWs3d1FqYVBTaks4MGNWaUovZkYwTTRReDBJbUliQ1AwRDVkNDV3WXpNST0iLCJtYWMiOiI1Njk1YjUxOWRhNWNk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 17:57:35 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InYyRG5JWnFVM3ZkbFc2ayt5OTU2V3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm4vYTlzbm5LeW5GdDZERThPeGNXT3JRMGpmQ3JCZnBPVXpSZkFQVUFnZnVJSVppUUt2U0FPWFAxZnZCbjdaOEUvMEY4WTNkbnRFWkNxK1JLSnlUS1RvWWVXMTRvRDJGaCs1eHAzdWNLN1RCRGY1eUJGdWR6cEFlbXV3d0pZMGYiLCJtYWMiOiIwN2U3MzA5YTZiMGUzZWQwYWVhMzAyMmViODU5YjQ5YjIzN2Q3OTU4ZTdlY2RhNjVjODY3MWJhMDg2Mjk3NTViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 05:57:35 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InYyRG5JWnFVM3ZkbFc2ayt5OTU2V3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm4vYTlzbm5LeW5GdDZERThPeGNXT3JRMGpmQ3JCZnBPVXpSZkFQVUFnZnVJSVppUUt2U0FPWFAxZnZCbjdaOEUvMEY4W" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFUQTVaeXhRK2JSLzVObTBuLzBBZkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGpCaXo1SWZGcDdFVVZWMjUwZTk0U2NrWDlUV0Y0RlI0OEhBZ0xaajQ5SU5BRDI0STMyaHNYUEJPeC9iN2pIa1V0TENPUGVwb0J2Zmd3UXlReWdhT2ljVmo2UEs1d0RhQkVMZ0x5eEFhRUNidU1qQmt4eUU4bnB3a1BzTVQzcngiLCJtYWMiOiI1MDMzOWE0N2UwZTQ3ZTYyMmFmOTE5OWQ4MjcwNTg0YTJmZWE2MTkyYWFmMjdmY2ZiNGU3ZDNiZDUxYzM5MjU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFUQTVaeXhRK2JSLzVObTBuLzBBZkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGpCaXo1SWZGcDdFVVZWMjUwZTk0U2NrWDlUV0Y0RlI0OEhBZ0xaajQ5SU5BRDI0STMyaHNYUEJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InYyRG5JWnFVM3ZkbFc2ayt5OTU2V3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm4vYTlzbm5LeW5GdDZERThPeGNXT3JRMGpmQ3JCZnBPVXpSZkFQVUFnZnVJSVppUUt2U0FPWFAxZnZCbjdaOEUvMEY4WTNkbnRFWkNxK1JLSnlUS1RvWWVXMTRvRDJGaCs1eHAzdWNLN1RCRGY1eUJGdWR6cEFlbXV3d0pZMGYiLCJtYWMiOiIwN2U3MzA5YTZiMGUzZWQwYWVhMzAyMmViODU5YjQ5YjIzN2Q3OTU4ZTdlY2RhNjVjODY3MWJhMDg2Mjk3NTViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 05:57:35 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InYyRG5JWnFVM3ZkbFc2ayt5OTU2V3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm4vYTlzbm5LeW5GdDZERThPeGNXT3JRMGpmQ3JCZnBPVXpSZkFQVUFnZnVJSVppUUt2U0FPWFAxZnZCbjdaOEUvMEY4W" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFUQTVaeXhRK2JSLzVObTBuLzBBZkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGpCaXo1SWZGcDdFVVZWMjUwZTk0U2NrWDlUV0Y0RlI0OEhBZ0xaajQ5SU5BRDI0STMyaHNYUEJPeC9iN2pIa1V0TENPUGVwb0J2Zmd3UXlReWdhT2ljVmo2UEs1d0RhQkVMZ0x5eEFhRUNidU1qQmt4eUU4bnB3a1BzTVQzcngiLCJtYWMiOiI1MDMzOWE0N2UwZTQ3ZTYyMmFmOTE5OWQ4MjcwNTg0YTJmZWE2MTkyYWFmMjdmY2ZiNGU3ZDNiZDUxYzM5MjU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFUQTVaeXhRK2JSLzVObTBuLzBBZkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGpCaXo1SWZGcDdFVVZWMjUwZTk0U2NrWDlUV0Y0RlI0OEhBZ0xaajQ5SU5BRDI0STMyaHNYUEJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "lngBDip8ejbATm77oTL1XjOSnxxA1wvoDpcQGKDY" "uc_cart_id" => "8738c71db4b219a561ff6e0e93c2790a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15228" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 17:57:35GET/chapter/15228112198