Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs - Latest Laboratory, Pre-clinical, and Clinical Studies

Volume: 4

Properties of Mexican Oregano (Lippia spp.) Essential Oils and their Use in Aquaculture

Author(s): Cesar Marcial Escobedo-Bonilla * .

Pp: 93-144 (52)

DOI: 10.2174/9789814998123121040006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Aquaculture is an important animal production industry and since its beginnings it has been threatened by the occurrence of infectious diseases of various etiologies. Of these, bacterial diseases are one of the most damaging both to fish and shellfish aquaculture. The use of antibiotics to control such infections poses a number of disadvantages such as low efficacy, antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in product, water and soil. One of the alternatives to antibiotic use is the application of plants with antimicrobial properties, and other pharmacological activities. Mexico has an ancient knowledge and use of medicinal plants, which are still used. Many plants of the family Verbenaceae, genus Lippia are commonly known as Mexican oregano. These seem to form a complex of closely related species, including L. graveolens, L. berlandieri, L. alba and other infraspecies which are located between the Chihuahua desert to southern Mexico and Central America. These species are usually used as spices to flavor food. Nonetheless, they also have different medicinal properties and have been traditionally used to treat a number of illnesses and ailments. One of their curative properties is antimicrobial, and therefore, many studies have been done in various species of the complex to elucidate their chemical composition and effect in various biological systems both in human and veterinary medicine. The study of Mexican oregano species in aquaculture is very recent, but it has uncovered a number of very useful pharmacological properties, including anesthetic, anti-stress and anxiolytic, antiparasite and antimicrobial. The present chapter presents a review on general aspects of aquaculture, its history, the main infectious agents affecting the industry and the current control measures used against diseases. It also focuses on the application of essential oils of some Lippia species regarded as Mexican oregano and their use as alternative natural products to antibiotics and other chemicals used in aquaculture.


Keywords: Anaesthetics, Antimicrobial activity, Aquaculture, Aquatic animal health, Carvacrol, Essential oils, Fish, Infectious diseases, Lippia spp. , Oregano, Oysters, Shrimp, Sisease control methods, Thymol.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51727266 and j.to_ip >=51727266 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848498 and j.to_date >= 1739848498 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15225) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51727266 and j.to_ip >=51727266 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848498 and j.to_date >= 1739848498 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15225) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51727266 and j.to_ip >=51727266 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848498 and j.to_date >= 1739848498 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15225)
      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3096 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848498 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848498 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3096
      • 3: 1739848498
      • 4: 1739848498
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b7c4921de7af07028aed746854bda6d8'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    14Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        sAa7mJzu7OYlYcbScEav4CWyMsspqSqYAQ9ELIbv
        uc_cart_id
        b7c4921de7af07028aed746854bda6d8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15225" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15225
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "sAa7mJzu7OYlYcbScEav4CWyMsspqSqYAQ9ELIbv" "uc_cart_id" => "b7c4921de7af07028aed746854bda6d8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15225" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:14:58GET/chapter/152251121916