Oral Infections and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Risk Factors - An Aetiologically Oriented Epidemiologist’s Perspective

Author(s): Dag S. Thelle

Pp: 26-34 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805232511101010026

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) reached epidemic proportions during three to four decades, and returned to lower levels after about two decades during the 20th century. The factors which were associated with its increase and decline were blood lipids, blood pressure, smoking, body weight and diabetes. These factors are not exclusive entities. They are both overlapping and interrelated. Thus any analysis of their impact on disease frequency and effects of intervention may be difficult when it comes to making a distinction of each factor’s contribution. All these factors are associated with oxidation and inflammation; essential mechanisms behind atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Two of the factors stand out as the most important explanatory factors as to why the CHD epidemic reached such dramatic levels; the adverse dietary pattern affecting blood lipids, and cigarette smoking. Other factors contributed also but their contribution to changes in disease frequency was more modest. The declining CHD incidence and mortality was subsequent both to declining cholesterol levels and cigarette smoking. These changes coincided with declining intake of saturated fat, but recent meta-analyses do not support a causal role of saturated fat. Industrially produced trans fatty acids often consumed together with saturated fat are likely to have played a more important role as they are directly affecting both oxidation and inflammation. Some of the alleged risk factors are “innocent” bystanders, others have a direct detrimental effect, but they may come in the same package, served at the same meal, or be results of the same lifestyle habit. This will affect the results of the analyses and only underlines the need to assess epidemiological data in a biological context, before one draws firm conclusions on risk factors as direct and causal factors.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59854122 and j.to_ip >=59854122 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458379 and j.to_date >= 1740458379 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1520) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59854122 and j.to_ip >=59854122 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458379 and j.to_date >= 1740458379 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1520) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59854122 and j.to_ip >=59854122 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458379 and j.to_date >= 1740458379 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1520)
      780μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 894 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458379 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458379 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.46msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 894
      • 3: 1740458379
      • 4: 1740458379
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2d2a49151d69a71d6c27c4de3258ad84'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        vOcs2fhBwy5xemgFhrNADCBcKFrpiaOcJYYBNOz9
        uc_cart_id
        2d2a49151d69a71d6c27c4de3258ad84
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1520" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1520
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkVuTzY1NGkrbjlQc2wxb1VDVFM1THc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3dvQkhsOW5FVGxVVG92UjlKR29PVHF0R0FBNkw5dlBHWjh4K3JNaE9waz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyYTY4Yjc0YzIwN2M2Mzk0ZWJmZTdmMTJiZjQ2OWVhYmNlMzQ5NDZkNWZjMDVlNGQzNzg4MGFkMzc0NDZkZWRkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkVuTzY1NGkrbjlQc2wxb1VDVFM1THc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3dvQkhsOW5FVGxVVG92UjlKR29PVHF0R0FBNkw5dlBHWjh4K3JNaE9waz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyYTY4Yjc0YzIwN2M2" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:39:39 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjIrM2xxWkc3VUVVK0w3UGkzU0lMUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi80a3NvRnNMZmd5NFFsdHRDaG92YTZJMitlM3NNRlh3VnUwYkM0R25iR21JcWN2a0xjUks2cHlpVDdvQktjSmxMMXZrMmNGRnBzZGJtcDB1Z1lNcFFjVGhEM294bTJqRkpCZythN2VMRDh6UkQ5NHRoMnV1TnNvbU1iSDUyckQiLCJtYWMiOiIwYWU0NjJjOGJmYjcwMTQwNTYyNWM2OWQ5ZWEzMjEyNjc4NDNkZDMyN2Y2MzI1MWM1YTIyOGY1ZjFlYTBhOGYyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:39:39 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjIrM2xxWkc3VUVVK0w3UGkzU0lMUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi80a3NvRnNMZmd5NFFsdHRDaG92YTZJMitlM3NNRlh3VnUwYkM0R25iR21JcWN2a0xjUks2cHlpVDdvQktjSmxMMXZrM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik1uaGp1dkpVYTVaVW1GN0R2bHNPb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXhzV3h2YWJLWUkyUlM4emljTmE5dkpRdExKVDM2cHFOTytWOW84VDVBeHhualRheWhXaHgzbDBqZk0zTlpTVVJwMXlhTzdGbFlNcjIyYTBxZmwzVitFaExvblhPcm4yYy8zc0FudC81dUlqR3p2SUI3VHpxNUdOMi9DK2E5Y2ciLCJtYWMiOiJiNzNjZWY4Mzg0YmY0MjA2ZmUzMjRhNTMyM2ZkNmNhOTQwOGNjNmI5MTI1YmRmMTQ4MDFhZGJhZWM3ZDNiMWI4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik1uaGp1dkpVYTVaVW1GN0R2bHNPb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXhzV3h2YWJLWUkyUlM4emljTmE5dkpRdExKVDM2cHFOTytWOW84VDVBeHhualRheWhXaHgzbDB" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjIrM2xxWkc3VUVVK0w3UGkzU0lMUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi80a3NvRnNMZmd5NFFsdHRDaG92YTZJMitlM3NNRlh3VnUwYkM0R25iR21JcWN2a0xjUks2cHlpVDdvQktjSmxMMXZrMmNGRnBzZGJtcDB1Z1lNcFFjVGhEM294bTJqRkpCZythN2VMRDh6UkQ5NHRoMnV1TnNvbU1iSDUyckQiLCJtYWMiOiIwYWU0NjJjOGJmYjcwMTQwNTYyNWM2OWQ5ZWEzMjEyNjc4NDNkZDMyN2Y2MzI1MWM1YTIyOGY1ZjFlYTBhOGYyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:39:39 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjIrM2xxWkc3VUVVK0w3UGkzU0lMUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi80a3NvRnNMZmd5NFFsdHRDaG92YTZJMitlM3NNRlh3VnUwYkM0R25iR21JcWN2a0xjUks2cHlpVDdvQktjSmxMMXZrM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik1uaGp1dkpVYTVaVW1GN0R2bHNPb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXhzV3h2YWJLWUkyUlM4emljTmE5dkpRdExKVDM2cHFOTytWOW84VDVBeHhualRheWhXaHgzbDBqZk0zTlpTVVJwMXlhTzdGbFlNcjIyYTBxZmwzVitFaExvblhPcm4yYy8zc0FudC81dUlqR3p2SUI3VHpxNUdOMi9DK2E5Y2ciLCJtYWMiOiJiNzNjZWY4Mzg0YmY0MjA2ZmUzMjRhNTMyM2ZkNmNhOTQwOGNjNmI5MTI1YmRmMTQ4MDFhZGJhZWM3ZDNiMWI4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik1uaGp1dkpVYTVaVW1GN0R2bHNPb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXhzV3h2YWJLWUkyUlM4emljTmE5dkpRdExKVDM2cHFOTytWOW84VDVBeHhualRheWhXaHgzbDB" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "vOcs2fhBwy5xemgFhrNADCBcKFrpiaOcJYYBNOz9" "uc_cart_id" => "2d2a49151d69a71d6c27c4de3258ad84" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1520" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:39:39GET/chapter/1520112193