Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research-Anti Infectives

Volume: 7

Nucleic Acid and Peptide Aptamers as Potential Antiviral Drugs

Author(s): Serap Evran*, Özge Uğurlu, Ezgi Man, Merve Gültan and Canan Özyurt

Pp: 1-45 (45)

DOI: 10.2174/9789814998093121070003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Aptamers with target-specific binding properties have emerged as an alternative to antibodies. Nucleic acid aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides that can fold into unique three-dimensional structures. Nucleic acid aptamers are selected from random libraries in vitro by using the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technology. Likewise, peptide aptamers are short peptides that can be selected in vitro by using different strategies including phage display, ribosome display, or mRNA display. Aptamers are superior to antibodies with regard to ease of production, high stability, small size, and low cost. Therefore, aptamers find broad use in different biotechnological and therapeutic applications. Among them, aptamer use in virus detection and antiviral therapy is one of the attractive applications. The present Covid-19 pandemic and life-threatening viral infections reveal the need for rapid therapeutic solutions that can efficiently target viral mechanisms. In this respect, the chapter is mainly focused on aptamers with antiviral activity, as well as the use of aptamers in viral detection platforms. First, we summarize aptamer selection technologies that can be performed in vitro. Among them, we briefly explain ribosome display, mRNA display and SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technologies. Then, we review aptamers targeting viral proteins and viral invasion mechanisms. In addition, we give an overview of aptamers developed against viruses. We also discuss the major hurdles in aptamer use, as well as the strategies to improve the drug potential of aptamers.


Keywords: Antiviral aptamer, Aptasensor, Diagnostic aptamers, DNA aptamer, MRNA display, Peptide aptamer, Ribosome display, RNA aptamer, SELEX, Therapeutic aptamers.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316323591 and j.to_ip >=316323591 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988645 and j.to_date >= 1739988645 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15067) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316323591 and j.to_ip >=316323591 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988645 and j.to_date >= 1739988645 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15067) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316323591 and j.to_ip >=316323591 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988645 and j.to_date >= 1739988645 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15067)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3085 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739988645 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739988645 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3085
      • 3: 1739988645
      • 4: 1739988645
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='11952cf25cb69f8dc9e3edda63853153'
      1.72msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        e6fRC7aGW3Lnw0NNfFrAH17sjdzCmPUPC8dm8xYw
        uc_cart_id
        11952cf25cb69f8dc9e3edda63853153
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15067" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15067
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IktxYVkxVTJkOGV6b1dPbGpsOGRWSVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWHA5WWJmVWVDNW85N3V5MlpjSWMzQ3cvZzArcjM1RHlnUkNabjJZSUJFTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlYTM2NDQ5OTFmYzExNDVmY2QyMWI3YTIyNGVmODJhMmFiYTFiYjI1ODkxNjYwZWJiZmNkYjg5NDJjM2UzOWUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IktxYVkxVTJkOGV6b1dPbGpsOGRWSVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWHA5WWJmVWVDNW85N3V5MlpjSWMzQ3cvZzArcjM1RHlnUkNabjJZSUJFTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlYTM2NDQ5OTFmYzEx" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 18:10:45 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkQzN2U5U3BIZU80cHJvb3hONWMxckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN3B5NmhWckJ5RG85SGkyN0p5T0dNdXlSRkJHY0UzTjJ0TzlCRFFkYjJmQyt0bk9hNjd2TFVWaXJYejhyWkdtUm5RdTZweUJaNFFpQUtZc3Z3T2x5T0RkcFVnKzkvMCtjQ2N4d3o2UGR3b2owT1drdFFCRjJXa0FFV0J1TytIcFkiLCJtYWMiOiI4MzFiOGRhZGRhNmEwYTA5ZGFkMzc4YWI4OWY0ZTcwOTY1M2Q2MmYwNTFlNmUxN2NmNWU1NWMxMWVkZDRkMTgwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 06:10:45 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkQzN2U5U3BIZU80cHJvb3hONWMxckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN3B5NmhWckJ5RG85SGkyN0p5T0dNdXlSRkJHY0UzTjJ0TzlCRFFkYjJmQyt0bk9hNjd2TFVWaXJYejhyWkdtUm5RdTZwe" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVFTGpGM081UWFqOWZIaWtDQnc3N2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUdhOGtjdkxuUUdidGRFYWhuUWdEZE5LOWJwY2JVZVJEek1BVHZMekNaM0FDdGllWit6R0JBVHdBRTN6QUQ0YzFmcDJWbk52MnhLcG9FOEVSamhac1U3K2FwNk5zVHNtUkw0QkNDTWNSb29weUFjcjl3MnkzZjVpYlZaNDdWaHciLCJtYWMiOiJjMmQ2NDRiYzM4NzhmMTI4ZmNkZjBiNDA1NDUwZTU1Yjc5NWU1NGU4ZmJkNDNjM2JkOGM5ZTI4OWQ4ZjEwNGNkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVFTGpGM081UWFqOWZIaWtDQnc3N2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUdhOGtjdkxuUUdidGRFYWhuUWdEZE5LOWJwY2JVZVJEek1BVHZMekNaM0FDdGllWit6R0JBVHd" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkQzN2U5U3BIZU80cHJvb3hONWMxckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN3B5NmhWckJ5RG85SGkyN0p5T0dNdXlSRkJHY0UzTjJ0TzlCRFFkYjJmQyt0bk9hNjd2TFVWaXJYejhyWkdtUm5RdTZweUJaNFFpQUtZc3Z3T2x5T0RkcFVnKzkvMCtjQ2N4d3o2UGR3b2owT1drdFFCRjJXa0FFV0J1TytIcFkiLCJtYWMiOiI4MzFiOGRhZGRhNmEwYTA5ZGFkMzc4YWI4OWY0ZTcwOTY1M2Q2MmYwNTFlNmUxN2NmNWU1NWMxMWVkZDRkMTgwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 06:10:45 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkQzN2U5U3BIZU80cHJvb3hONWMxckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN3B5NmhWckJ5RG85SGkyN0p5T0dNdXlSRkJHY0UzTjJ0TzlCRFFkYjJmQyt0bk9hNjd2TFVWaXJYejhyWkdtUm5RdTZwe" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVFTGpGM081UWFqOWZIaWtDQnc3N2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUdhOGtjdkxuUUdidGRFYWhuUWdEZE5LOWJwY2JVZVJEek1BVHZMekNaM0FDdGllWit6R0JBVHdBRTN6QUQ0YzFmcDJWbk52MnhLcG9FOEVSamhac1U3K2FwNk5zVHNtUkw0QkNDTWNSb29weUFjcjl3MnkzZjVpYlZaNDdWaHciLCJtYWMiOiJjMmQ2NDRiYzM4NzhmMTI4ZmNkZjBiNDA1NDUwZTU1Yjc5NWU1NGU4ZmJkNDNjM2JkOGM5ZTI4OWQ4ZjEwNGNkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlVFTGpGM081UWFqOWZIaWtDQnc3N2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUdhOGtjdkxuUUdidGRFYWhuUWdEZE5LOWJwY2JVZVJEek1BVHZMekNaM0FDdGllWit6R0JBVHd" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "e6fRC7aGW3Lnw0NNfFrAH17sjdzCmPUPC8dm8xYw" "uc_cart_id" => "11952cf25cb69f8dc9e3edda63853153" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15067" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 18:10:45GET/chapter/150671121912