A Comprehensive Guide to Nanoparticles in Medicine

Nanoparticle Conjugated with siRNA for Treatment of Different Types of Disease Conditions

Author(s): Rituparna Acharya * .

Pp: 83-99 (17)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681088358121010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Gene silencing is a mechanism by which several protein expressions may be controlled in eukaryotes. Since its invention, many studies have been performed for its diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. siRNAs have created special attention for the treatment of incurable and difficult disease conditions. However, there are many challenges regarding their systemic administration and stability in the blood vascular system. In this regard, nanoparticles are demonstrating unique properties that may make this tool applicable as an advanced delivery vehicle. In this study, we have discussed various challenges for the use of bare siRNAs in the human body. We have also discussed the methods that may be used to fabricate the nanoparticles in order to deliver siRNAs. Moreover, we have included several nanoparticle conjugates with their advantages and disadvantages while using them as a delivery vehicle.


Keywords: Blood-brain barrier, Carbon-based nanoconjugate, Carbon nanotube, Cyclodextrin, Dendrimer, Endocytosis, Gold nanoparticle, Gene silencing, Graphene, Hydrogel nanoparticle, Immune response, Intravenous administration, Lipid-based nanoconjugate, Magnetic nanoparticle, Metal oxide nanoparticles, Polymer, Quantum dot nanoparticle, Silica-based nanoparticles, Systemic administration, Theranostic.

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      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59235952 and j.to_ip >=59235952 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834990 and j.to_date >= 1739834990 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15034) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59235952 and j.to_ip >=59235952 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834990 and j.to_date >= 1739834990 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15034) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59235952 and j.to_ip >=59235952 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834990 and j.to_date >= 1739834990 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15034)
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3081 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834990 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834990 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.14msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3081
      • 3: 1739834990
      • 4: 1739834990
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='86439966145800067f47eb222247ac22'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        2jSSSkIvPoY7JqBhNocfHxFftf3dMhKs8LwZo6oW
        uc_cart_id
        86439966145800067f47eb222247ac22
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15034" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15034
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InhCeWx1S1k4cDJZNW96UVJwMTMya3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlAwWFF6d2R3SlNKTWdEKzNFa2ZtWEcrZzRPTUdVSHUya0dwQWd0aElkRXAwaFlrZTRJNVFXQUxRaWQ1VHhVSCIsIm1hYyI6ImQyNGY4YmU0Mjg3YmJkMDM1MjQ4ZWVjNjBlMTM4NDI1ZDYyYzc1ZTkzOTg0Yzg4M2YyMDhiYWUwYmI2YzYwZGQiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlI5d24vemhxSWhkWUpHTGR2SGcxV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3Q3cVRJOWZHN21EWDREUE40eklKRGs5ZEdTTHpPYTcwc0kxa0h0bk1iWmRNUUFlUzg1UXQ2Ykc4cjBLM1NJVHlUdUV4dFNuZ092SHpWWU43VWwrOUk4VEtCMGNGSUVzUkExcG4ydklZM05OdzNFWjd2em9jenNnYldyRnJYc3kiLCJtYWMiOiI2YjZlZjE2YWYzNDUwMmY4N2FlYmI5ZWFhMDk3YTZhMzA5ZjQ4NmVlMWJlMjBlYjQ1NzFjZWYwYjkyZWMxYTQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InZyc0lhY2U2WkVJZldoRllUajVsMHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaVVoTFlVZ0Z3bkRSRzk3T0pINmVwK0VwWDNyeGd1MkJla3dhVDhtdFJELzl2N280RlQwamh1WHZXVGpySDB4VHE1Ymg3NlpiS0Y1Njk2WCtCQzIxbitSWDdGeSs1M3lJVDJabTVma1FtMis2akhqZGxOaDZWTEFlWnNMRGpmZmUiLCJtYWMiOiI5YjkzMDIwODI5MDhkMWI2NjgyZmQwODJmNjhlYWMwNjcyYWMyNmYzODFjNzk0YmE5MzZlYmQ5OWM4OGIzOTE5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InhCeWx1S1k4cDJZNW96UVJwMTMya3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlAwWFF6d2R3SlNKTWdEKzNFa2ZtWEcrZzRPTUdVSHUya0dwQWd0aElkRXAwaFlrZTRJNVFXQUxRaWQ1VHhVSCIs" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "2jSSSkIvPoY7JqBhNocfHxFftf3dMhKs8LwZo6oW" "uc_cart_id" => "86439966145800067f47eb222247ac22" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15034" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:29:50GET/chapter/150341121922