An Introduction to Plant Immunity

Durability of Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Pests

Author(s): Dhia Bouktila and Yosra Habachi

Pp: 165-173 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681088020121010025

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The methods of management of pathogens and pests have been changing during these years, under the pressure of current societal and political demands. To overcome the drawbacks of chemical control, it is possible to mobilize genetic (i.e. varieties resistant to diseases) and agronomic controlling methods (cultural practices favoring these resistances or reducing the risks of pressure or development of pests). However, the low durability of genetic resistance, which is linked to the adaptation of pathogens, imposes the need to propose solutions in order to improve the durability of genetic resistance. Resistance is said to be durable when its effectiveness lasts for many years in a large spatial environment, at high pressure from the pathogen, favoring, a priori, the selection of virulent variants. The combination of quantitative and qualitative resistance is among the best solutions, but the strategy for deploying the R genes is an interesting track to follow.


Keywords: Durability of plant resistance to pathogens, Gene pyramiding, Gene rotation, Quantitative resistance, Qualitative resistance, R-gene deployment strategy.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847122 and j.to_date >= 1739847122 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14861) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847122 and j.to_date >= 1739847122 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14861) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847122 and j.to_date >= 1739847122 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14861)
      730μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3067 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847122 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847122 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3067
      • 3: 1739847122
      • 4: 1739847122
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='7486560242fdb769660e1635aee9edb1'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        YQAhys60jE9TZghn5QPGiwwy7Z2TdO2T5tJytPGt
        uc_cart_id
        7486560242fdb769660e1635aee9edb1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14861" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14861
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:52:02 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik8rYjZFL0djNW82NWNzUmwvTVBKbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOTVZejluNnB6R3o0UWw3N1BMZ09xRHNIczZjVXBTZnI4V3RESmtxck9DUUZPU1BMYVR0M1Q1M2p0akp1OWhReWNmY1pQc0xTckdrR3VrYlM2UU44bDA3SE1pYUJIbXVGZFFWaFVnZWdBNE03a0x0ekg4eXZtVUk1WGpEeVJMTFkiLCJtYWMiOiI2OGNhMzk1MzlmMThkZmJmNmNhMzM2YThjYTIwNGY0OGIyZmVjY2RiNmM5NTJkN2QyMDMxMGQ3ZjY0YmM4OGExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:52:02 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik8rYjZFL0djNW82NWNzUmwvTVBKbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOTVZejluNnB6R3o0UWw3N1BMZ09xRHNIczZjVXBTZnI4V3RESmtxck9DUUZPU1BMYVR0M1Q1M2p0akp1OWhReWNmY1pQc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IldsRlhXTnlJeGNGUytZcWdKUXJJS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2pUWWVLUmYva29KUFd0NEpZMWJLeTVWdFJ1Qm0rTjgvUTJhTERUbHpmZERrRzh0MXdhUzVhUitoTzZuSTRKTDFmb2JDd1NickxDbE1vZlo0YklxNlVaS1dTa1BUWCtzd2FUYmdjL0p2OFVWUGl5L0lxK0RDclBmUCtWc09qQUYiLCJtYWMiOiIzNWM3OGVjMDJjZGJlZTYxMTgxNDc4OWU0MTE2MmIzZDAyYWEyOWFlNGIzZDMzNzcxZDlhODVmMGY2ZGQ1NjAyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IldsRlhXTnlJeGNGUytZcWdKUXJJS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2pUWWVLUmYva29KUFd0NEpZMWJLeTVWdFJ1Qm0rTjgvUTJhTERUbHpmZERrRzh0MXdhUzVhUit" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik8rYjZFL0djNW82NWNzUmwvTVBKbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOTVZejluNnB6R3o0UWw3N1BMZ09xRHNIczZjVXBTZnI4V3RESmtxck9DUUZPU1BMYVR0M1Q1M2p0akp1OWhReWNmY1pQc0xTckdrR3VrYlM2UU44bDA3SE1pYUJIbXVGZFFWaFVnZWdBNE03a0x0ekg4eXZtVUk1WGpEeVJMTFkiLCJtYWMiOiI2OGNhMzk1MzlmMThkZmJmNmNhMzM2YThjYTIwNGY0OGIyZmVjY2RiNmM5NTJkN2QyMDMxMGQ3ZjY0YmM4OGExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:52:02 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik8rYjZFL0djNW82NWNzUmwvTVBKbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOTVZejluNnB6R3o0UWw3N1BMZ09xRHNIczZjVXBTZnI4V3RESmtxck9DUUZPU1BMYVR0M1Q1M2p0akp1OWhReWNmY1pQc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IldsRlhXTnlJeGNGUytZcWdKUXJJS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2pUWWVLUmYva29KUFd0NEpZMWJLeTVWdFJ1Qm0rTjgvUTJhTERUbHpmZERrRzh0MXdhUzVhUitoTzZuSTRKTDFmb2JDd1NickxDbE1vZlo0YklxNlVaS1dTa1BUWCtzd2FUYmdjL0p2OFVWUGl5L0lxK0RDclBmUCtWc09qQUYiLCJtYWMiOiIzNWM3OGVjMDJjZGJlZTYxMTgxNDc4OWU0MTE2MmIzZDAyYWEyOWFlNGIzZDMzNzcxZDlhODVmMGY2ZGQ1NjAyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IldsRlhXTnlJeGNGUytZcWdKUXJJS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2pUWWVLUmYva29KUFd0NEpZMWJLeTVWdFJ1Qm0rTjgvUTJhTERUbHpmZERrRzh0MXdhUzVhUit" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "YQAhys60jE9TZghn5QPGiwwy7Z2TdO2T5tJytPGt" "uc_cart_id" => "7486560242fdb769660e1635aee9edb1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14861" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:52:02GET/chapter/14861112198