An Introduction to Plant Immunity

State of the Art and Perspectives of Genetic Engineering of Plant Resistance to Diseases

Author(s): Dhia Bouktila and Yosra Habachi

Pp: 157-164 (8)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681088020121010024

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The improvement of plants, in order to give them better resistance to diseases, relies on the existence of diverse natural populations. Traditionally, the breeder’s role has been to crossbreed populations to obtain varieties possessing the desired traits. Modern advances in genetic engineering, in association with omic sciences, allow breeders to increase the genetic diversity of the populations on which selection operates, and to introgress new traits using various molecular methods, such as chemical or irradiation-based mutagenesis, genetic transformation or genome editing. It is most often a question of modifying existing varieties in order to obtain new ones which have the properties desired by researchers, according to the needs expressed by the various actors concerned. Here, we review the increasing usefulness and applicability of biotechnology and genetic engineering approaches for accelerating variety development and crop improvement.


Keywords: Bacterial Harpins (hrp) genes, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) deltaendotoxin genes, Biotechnology, Crop improvement, CRISPR-Cas9, Genetic Engineering, Genetically engineered crops, Plant Protease Inhibitors (PI), Plant genome editing, RNA-based antiviral resistance.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59354538 and j.to_ip >=59354538 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848421 and j.to_date >= 1739848421 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14860) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59354538 and j.to_ip >=59354538 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848421 and j.to_date >= 1739848421 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14860) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59354538 and j.to_ip >=59354538 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848421 and j.to_date >= 1739848421 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14860)
      630μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3067 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848421 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848421 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3067
      • 3: 1739848421
      • 4: 1739848421
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='098485e29fa8e7d62b9a21940083ee3d'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        zp6bPxBflxnH1b4M44nuFFVARWrgEqKeRpNvkAsH
        uc_cart_id
        098485e29fa8e7d62b9a21940083ee3d
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14860" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14860
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Im5JQnkveXA4R1JiaUJMWFJGeGNVOUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU21GYXpxWm5SdVFUN3NFanQ2TktYUmVqMzBQYnNwWVVoNUpHU1N6ZzdYST0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YzZhYzYwZTQ0ODMzNWRiOTBlNTE3Njk4NTVkNWNkN2E3Yjg1OWEzMzFhNWVhZTVjNTk2MGZmNDg2YTdmNDhiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Im5JQnkveXA4R1JiaUJMWFJGeGNVOUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU21GYXpxWm5SdVFUN3NFanQ2TktYUmVqMzBQYnNwWVVoNUpHU1N6ZzdYST0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YzZhYzYwZTQ0ODMz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:13:41 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikw0RlNTdnVlQlozK29hNmFSMElSbVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiczZnUVVUM2Y0Q3poQ1lDZVVQL3ArVVhlc1Z1WEJLcEVzKzdSVFIrRk85NVh1WFg5ZnFmRUxSV1IyUFRsVkVGL1R5OTdISVhuOU5PK2hlZVMyTUJselFERFdhUTRqVGxya3BqeEtVUE9SdTZZTEI2YlZzNzJtdGw0TldKSlZoY1MiLCJtYWMiOiI1ZjAxMzU0MWY5NjE4MGU2NjhjMWI3NTdmOTA2MDczZGJiNTY3OTFlMThiMDA2MzFjNjRmMTBmMDMzZWU4ZjRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:13:41 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikw0RlNTdnVlQlozK29hNmFSMElSbVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiczZnUVVUM2Y0Q3poQ1lDZVVQL3ArVVhlc1Z1WEJLcEVzKzdSVFIrRk85NVh1WFg5ZnFmRUxSV1IyUFRsVkVGL1R5OTdIS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndkamQ0SE5GT1BjU0NxaG5TUm9mR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1c2Tk1iVGhqeXVJNGtXSUV5QkNyWk01V2RaMWZMdGQzMklOemdUNDRaWlJHa2tFRW1jdjlOaWFrN2dWYVhDK1MyaTd5YzMyd3IxQWJ3VWZtN1BDVVNyc1h2bFM5YkJFTVlqYTZPSncyU3FyTmphQmJHaTNqNll3UElQdFVOSHIiLCJtYWMiOiIwODVmNTk2NTg1YjgxMDlhYzIzMzQ5MDIzZDVhYTMxZjQ4N2NhNjIyNjllMTcxMGI1ZmU5MGViOGQ3YTM0ODFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndkamQ0SE5GT1BjU0NxaG5TUm9mR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1c2Tk1iVGhqeXVJNGtXSUV5QkNyWk01V2RaMWZMdGQzMklOemdUNDRaWlJHa2tFRW1jdjlOaWF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikw0RlNTdnVlQlozK29hNmFSMElSbVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiczZnUVVUM2Y0Q3poQ1lDZVVQL3ArVVhlc1Z1WEJLcEVzKzdSVFIrRk85NVh1WFg5ZnFmRUxSV1IyUFRsVkVGL1R5OTdISVhuOU5PK2hlZVMyTUJselFERFdhUTRqVGxya3BqeEtVUE9SdTZZTEI2YlZzNzJtdGw0TldKSlZoY1MiLCJtYWMiOiI1ZjAxMzU0MWY5NjE4MGU2NjhjMWI3NTdmOTA2MDczZGJiNTY3OTFlMThiMDA2MzFjNjRmMTBmMDMzZWU4ZjRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:13:41 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikw0RlNTdnVlQlozK29hNmFSMElSbVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiczZnUVVUM2Y0Q3poQ1lDZVVQL3ArVVhlc1Z1WEJLcEVzKzdSVFIrRk85NVh1WFg5ZnFmRUxSV1IyUFRsVkVGL1R5OTdIS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndkamQ0SE5GT1BjU0NxaG5TUm9mR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1c2Tk1iVGhqeXVJNGtXSUV5QkNyWk01V2RaMWZMdGQzMklOemdUNDRaWlJHa2tFRW1jdjlOaWFrN2dWYVhDK1MyaTd5YzMyd3IxQWJ3VWZtN1BDVVNyc1h2bFM5YkJFTVlqYTZPSncyU3FyTmphQmJHaTNqNll3UElQdFVOSHIiLCJtYWMiOiIwODVmNTk2NTg1YjgxMDlhYzIzMzQ5MDIzZDVhYTMxZjQ4N2NhNjIyNjllMTcxMGI1ZmU5MGViOGQ3YTM0ODFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndkamQ0SE5GT1BjU0NxaG5TUm9mR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1c2Tk1iVGhqeXVJNGtXSUV5QkNyWk01V2RaMWZMdGQzMklOemdUNDRaWlJHa2tFRW1jdjlOaWF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "zp6bPxBflxnH1b4M44nuFFVARWrgEqKeRpNvkAsH" "uc_cart_id" => "098485e29fa8e7d62b9a21940083ee3d" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14860" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:13:41GET/chapter/148601121912