Environmental Stress Physiology of Plants and Crop Productivity

Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Author(s): Sakshi Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur* and Avinash Kaur Nagpal * .

Pp: 158-182 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681087900121010014

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Plants are frequently exposed to different types of stressful environmental conditions, which have adverse effects on their growth, development, and productivity. These conditions, such as salinity, drought, floods, chilling, freezing, UV exposure, pollution, nutritional deficiencies, metal toxicity, etc., are collectively known as abiotic stressors and hinder plants from fully expressing their genetic potential. With advancements in scientific fields such as genetics and molecular biology, it has become easier to understand that under abiotic stress, a myriad of responses are triggered in plants. These changes include alterations in gene expression to changes in cell metabolism to avoid or tolerate the stress. The intensity of these plant responses depends on affected tissue, age of the plant, type of stress posed, duration and severity of stress, etc. It has been observed that plant growth regulators such as auxins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, polyamines, strigolactones, etc., which influence the growth and differentiation in plants, also have very important roles in regulating the stress tolerance in plants. This chapter is a comprehensive account of literature based on the role of different plant growth regulators in the regulation of tolerance of plants towards abiotic stressors. The contents of this chapter include a brief discussion about different types of abiotic stressors, their effects on plants, and responses developed in plants against them. There is also a detailed discussion about plant growth regulators, their role in the normal functioning of plants, followed by their contribution and underlying mechanisms in building abiotic stress tolerance in plants.


Keywords: Abscisic acid, Auxins, Brassinosteroids, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Gibberellins, Jasmonic acid, Polyamines, Salicylic acid, Strigolactones.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59771045 and j.to_ip >=59771045 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847196 and j.to_date >= 1739847196 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14769) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59771045 and j.to_ip >=59771045 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847196 and j.to_date >= 1739847196 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14769) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59771045 and j.to_ip >=59771045 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847196 and j.to_date >= 1739847196 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14769)
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3064 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847196 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847196 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3064
      • 3: 1739847196
      • 4: 1739847196
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c7352f42e53932fb907a2e3a13270b88'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        0I0XxX09WsFMxEkc1h44XW3PgtSlee4hfOrJwtjb
        uc_cart_id
        c7352f42e53932fb907a2e3a13270b88
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14769" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14769
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:53:16 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVUWk9rR2dBRDl0cC9kV0d1Q2JEM3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmxMdHJIWFMzSnlhR2xITW9La1Y2bkk3SW81NDVycXJ5QUJ5QjZlOThJZEFleGJXMllhbmRha2JnNkRzOFczOUxJbDByRVBDUlNvYktpS3dreGhocEZpSm9vT3dzK2Z6bklLY3dGMS9UMk9kRHhCRXZndU90TVM5cTkxeEJMc0kiLCJtYWMiOiIzMzg1ZTc2NWE2MzM0MDQ3ZmE2MjgzYTgyNDQyZTYxZTFkNTc5MzYzODI2YjE4NWU0YzZlNmRkZTMyYzg5NjNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:53:16 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVUWk9rR2dBRDl0cC9kV0d1Q2JEM3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmxMdHJIWFMzSnlhR2xITW9La1Y2bkk3SW81NDVycXJ5QUJ5QjZlOThJZEFleGJXMllhbmRha2JnNkRzOFczOUxJbDByR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ino5YWJIVEtwa053UTZBaWtjWVR0Znc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzNvMXJvZzZwMEpRQkQwTDVUM2lhZ1FjenRWR0pVdWI0c3M1ZTdIV2w3TXZzVzNCMWtsSUxTdTVST0FrZlNXS1k5QVkycmpBV2ltV3VSWDJSSWpINnJ2TkNZdVNpczRyYklWQjgxeWh5V291MjA4RWNvZk1JTmcrYnVPdEEvaisiLCJtYWMiOiJiMjlhZjUxN2EwN2RiODdhNjUwNTBhMGU4ODMyYzdiMmM0NjZiNDkyMjI2YWE1YjY2YjkzZDk3MzIyMGE0MTJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ino5YWJIVEtwa053UTZBaWtjWVR0Znc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzNvMXJvZzZwMEpRQkQwTDVUM2lhZ1FjenRWR0pVdWI0c3M1ZTdIV2w3TXZzVzNCMWtsSUxTdTV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVUWk9rR2dBRDl0cC9kV0d1Q2JEM3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmxMdHJIWFMzSnlhR2xITW9La1Y2bkk3SW81NDVycXJ5QUJ5QjZlOThJZEFleGJXMllhbmRha2JnNkRzOFczOUxJbDByRVBDUlNvYktpS3dreGhocEZpSm9vT3dzK2Z6bklLY3dGMS9UMk9kRHhCRXZndU90TVM5cTkxeEJMc0kiLCJtYWMiOiIzMzg1ZTc2NWE2MzM0MDQ3ZmE2MjgzYTgyNDQyZTYxZTFkNTc5MzYzODI2YjE4NWU0YzZlNmRkZTMyYzg5NjNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:53:16 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVUWk9rR2dBRDl0cC9kV0d1Q2JEM3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmxMdHJIWFMzSnlhR2xITW9La1Y2bkk3SW81NDVycXJ5QUJ5QjZlOThJZEFleGJXMllhbmRha2JnNkRzOFczOUxJbDByR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ino5YWJIVEtwa053UTZBaWtjWVR0Znc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzNvMXJvZzZwMEpRQkQwTDVUM2lhZ1FjenRWR0pVdWI0c3M1ZTdIV2w3TXZzVzNCMWtsSUxTdTVST0FrZlNXS1k5QVkycmpBV2ltV3VSWDJSSWpINnJ2TkNZdVNpczRyYklWQjgxeWh5V291MjA4RWNvZk1JTmcrYnVPdEEvaisiLCJtYWMiOiJiMjlhZjUxN2EwN2RiODdhNjUwNTBhMGU4ODMyYzdiMmM0NjZiNDkyMjI2YWE1YjY2YjkzZDk3MzIyMGE0MTJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ino5YWJIVEtwa053UTZBaWtjWVR0Znc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzNvMXJvZzZwMEpRQkQwTDVUM2lhZ1FjenRWR0pVdWI0c3M1ZTdIV2w3TXZzVzNCMWtsSUxTdTV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "0I0XxX09WsFMxEkc1h44XW3PgtSlee4hfOrJwtjb" "uc_cart_id" => "c7352f42e53932fb907a2e3a13270b88" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14769" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:53:16GET/chapter/147691121912