Environmental Stress Physiology of Plants and Crop Productivity

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and its Protective Effects against Plants Stress

Author(s): Sharad Thakur, Kritika Pandit, Ajay Kumar, Jaskaran Kaur and Sandeep Kaur * .

Pp: 144-157 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681087900121010013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Phenylpropanoids are a class of secondary metabolites in plants that are derived from aromatic amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. It mainly includes stilbenes, monolignols, coumarins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These are considered to play a crucial role in protecting the plants against both abiotic and biotic stress by quenching the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through a wide range of mechanisms. Phenylpropanoids are found widely in the plant kingdom and serve an essential role in the development of plant by acting as an important cell wall component, floral pigments to mediate the interactions of plant–pollinator, antibiotics (phytoalexins) against pathogens and herbivores, and protectants against UV radiation and high light. Several phenylpropanoids are helpful for the plant to fight against microbial diseases and thereby show broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The biosynthetic pathway of phenylpropanoid is mostly activated under abiotic stress conditions including salinity, heavy metal, ultraviolet radiations, high/low temperature, and drought and results in the accumulation of different phenolic compounds that are helpful in scavenging the deleterious effect of ROS. A series of enzymes involved in the activation of the biosynthetic pathway are reductases, transferases, lyases, oxygenases, and ligases. Among these, many are encoded by superfamilies of genes, like NADPH-dependent reductase gene family, the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) gene family, the cytochrome P450 membrane-bound monooxygenase (P450) gene family, and the type III polyketide synthase (PKS III) gene family. Thus, keeping in view the importance of phenylpropanoids in plant defense, the present book chapter is focused on unraveling the role of these essential compounds in ameliorating the stressful conditions in plants.


Keywords: Antimicrobial, Biosynthetic pathway, Phenylpropanoids, Plant, ROS

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847311 and j.to_date >= 1739847311 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14768) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847311 and j.to_date >= 1739847311 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14768) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847311 and j.to_date >= 1739847311 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14768)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3064 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847311 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847311 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3064
      • 3: 1739847311
      • 4: 1739847311
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8fdf65198742cfdfab7c1b90ebe127d9'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        dOjwscaJmodh7qKkVxFJd4VMoWdzjss1YlRQ2zDW
        uc_cart_id
        8fdf65198742cfdfab7c1b90ebe127d9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14768" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14768
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlVrRjdWcVJ5ajZnK1VpNmd2L1BWbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMCtsOGdCTmUwNUkvMG5TMHI3YVVFNUtCdlpZMC9XL1MxLzNHZG8rd0RQZz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyNjMxNDQ4NDU4ZGVmMjQ5MmY0MDBjZGZjMDMwMzcyYjI1MTk3NDA0YWI4OTQxODUzMjBjMzZiMGU2ZDFiNmQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlVrRjdWcVJ5ajZnK1VpNmd2L1BWbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMCtsOGdCTmUwNUkvMG5TMHI3YVVFNUtCdlpZMC9XL1MxLzNHZG8rd0RQZz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyNjMxNDQ4NDU4ZGVm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:55:11 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkMwaU4rbkxOT3Q1V3NFL0RLaUtSNHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZXl2S3N5NU9GWTFiZS9qanNoODFZR1BwVXVmbkpBalpLYXRNVGdSUjNxQVZEYkJpZWpaOXZEVlVDNXhNWE1mUW9qakNlNjk5NnVPenhxMDdiM0dvSHNoMTNVT25WZ3ZjYzVGT01LdnQ2NTUrZjdRV0xGbjQxTTdkL2U5R2tXbFYiLCJtYWMiOiJlMWQxMzBjMWU4ZmQ5ZjMzZmIwMDAwMjVmOTZiNTM4MWM2NmRkNDJhYWZkNjdhMjU0NTEzZDNhZTBkZGYzZWQ5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:55:11 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkMwaU4rbkxOT3Q1V3NFL0RLaUtSNHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZXl2S3N5NU9GWTFiZS9qanNoODFZR1BwVXVmbkpBalpLYXRNVGdSUjNxQVZEYkJpZWpaOXZEVlVDNXhNWE1mUW9qakNlN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlJck1hK1hidmt6RXNOdlFRV1lRV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlUzTkRrdnpla1ZPSlR1Q2JkNlZNclRvNCtnTkYzaGt6ek1MV2YzK3JFZlpUYlFCZ1hvcUN0UG0zK3lkU0IwVkFnUUZDNXczVzkyQ0RnU0JudnFQd014bGpOdHBjc1pnZERDQlpmWmd6QTdnbjVGRzZZQTF5RFIwajIxWVhCT0UiLCJtYWMiOiIwZDcwOWU3Njg0ZmE4YzliMzM4MTFjYzEwZDdiMDQ4ZTBkNmE3YWI0ZWIwYTk1NzRlMzJiZGJhNmVjYjRhYzdlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlJck1hK1hidmt6RXNOdlFRV1lRV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlUzTkRrdnpla1ZPSlR1Q2JkNlZNclRvNCtnTkYzaGt6ek1MV2YzK3JFZlpUYlFCZ1hvcUN0UG0" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkMwaU4rbkxOT3Q1V3NFL0RLaUtSNHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZXl2S3N5NU9GWTFiZS9qanNoODFZR1BwVXVmbkpBalpLYXRNVGdSUjNxQVZEYkJpZWpaOXZEVlVDNXhNWE1mUW9qakNlNjk5NnVPenhxMDdiM0dvSHNoMTNVT25WZ3ZjYzVGT01LdnQ2NTUrZjdRV0xGbjQxTTdkL2U5R2tXbFYiLCJtYWMiOiJlMWQxMzBjMWU4ZmQ5ZjMzZmIwMDAwMjVmOTZiNTM4MWM2NmRkNDJhYWZkNjdhMjU0NTEzZDNhZTBkZGYzZWQ5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:55:11 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkMwaU4rbkxOT3Q1V3NFL0RLaUtSNHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZXl2S3N5NU9GWTFiZS9qanNoODFZR1BwVXVmbkpBalpLYXRNVGdSUjNxQVZEYkJpZWpaOXZEVlVDNXhNWE1mUW9qakNlN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlJck1hK1hidmt6RXNOdlFRV1lRV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlUzTkRrdnpla1ZPSlR1Q2JkNlZNclRvNCtnTkYzaGt6ek1MV2YzK3JFZlpUYlFCZ1hvcUN0UG0zK3lkU0IwVkFnUUZDNXczVzkyQ0RnU0JudnFQd014bGpOdHBjc1pnZERDQlpmWmd6QTdnbjVGRzZZQTF5RFIwajIxWVhCT0UiLCJtYWMiOiIwZDcwOWU3Njg0ZmE4YzliMzM4MTFjYzEwZDdiMDQ4ZTBkNmE3YWI0ZWIwYTk1NzRlMzJiZGJhNmVjYjRhYzdlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlJck1hK1hidmt6RXNOdlFRV1lRV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlUzTkRrdnpla1ZPSlR1Q2JkNlZNclRvNCtnTkYzaGt6ek1MV2YzK3JFZlpUYlFCZ1hvcUN0UG0" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "dOjwscaJmodh7qKkVxFJd4VMoWdzjss1YlRQ2zDW" "uc_cart_id" => "8fdf65198742cfdfab7c1b90ebe127d9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14768" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:55:11GET/chapter/14768112197