The Vertebrate Pigmentary System: From Pigment Cells to Disorders

Treatment and Therapies Available For Pigmentary Disorders

Author(s): Sharique A. Ali and Naima Parveen

Pp: 69-84 (16)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811491580121010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Melanin is responsible for imparting color to the skin, hairs, eyes, and protecting the skin from harmful UV radiation. It is produced inside the specialized cells called melanocytes through a series of chemical and enzymatic reactions. However, due to the dysregulation of the factors responsible for melanin production, the irregular production and distribution of melanin occur, which lead to the onset of pigmentary disorders, such as hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. Pigmentary disorders are not always physically debilitating but have been associated with elevated psychosocial problems such as depression, frustration and anger. These psychosocial burdens in turn influence the quality of life and self-esteem. So, the treatment of pigmentation diseases appears as a growing concern to dermatologists today. Several treatment strategies including chemical peeling, stem cell transplant, topical treatment, laser therapy etc. have been unleashed in order to get rid of the problem. Hence, in the present chapter, we have discussed about the existing treatment options for pigmentation diseases practised by dermatologists all over the world.


Keywords: Dermatologists, Laser therapy, Melanin, Pigmentary disorders, Topical treatment.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834823 and j.to_date >= 1739834823 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14589) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834823 and j.to_date >= 1739834823 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14589) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834823 and j.to_date >= 1739834823 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14589)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3046 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834823 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834823 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3046
      • 3: 1739834823
      • 4: 1739834823
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9855d344145b9f63bfb2a0386b414a80'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
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        uc_cart_id
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        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14589" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
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        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
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        format
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        content_type
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        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:27:03 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InoxaEdtclB5a1Vmai9aZ01abm9XQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoickZJQWRka1Q3WUw4NTlidlpBaUVwZnVvMk9GNWsrM3NnTm9vWkVaSms2ekU4V1pYamI2aUxIUW5XUTh2c3ZTY1BQODlXczlwWHcrMFNVYk94OVFrbDVCQ1ltSndSVkFKUUYrVjByRjIwdHFCSTRoYm9OaG5EOVh5alZtRWFNdkUiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzkyOTIxODBiZjg0ZGEzOTA5Y2VkODhiYjVjNzU3MjI0MmI5ZTIwOGY2MzgxM2U4YmY5OWM0NTgxMDNiMzUwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:27:03 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InoxaEdtclB5a1Vmai9aZ01abm9XQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoickZJQWRka1Q3WUw4NTlidlpBaUVwZnVvMk9GNWsrM3NnTm9vWkVaSms2ekU4V1pYamI2aUxIUW5XUTh2c3ZTY1BQODlXc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjB3SzMxcUJKZDZlc3Frd29peUVVQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkowamhlY3BYV2NJTEFza1pyRmhjc0hiakxBU2tjc1hBQ1hoWERvQlNLN3BJNHBsZ0VxRmZtNEk5Zjd6aEtvRVgxWEFubWtDU0w1QlIxeDd6Mm1TSmo3ZDhZWVp4aWppQ0pYZDZMSlJVbGxlWTFmUnRUWmk2M0JjbldEckpCOEEiLCJtYWMiOiIzMDg1YTE5NDEzNjhiZWZmZTMwYmVhMDM2NjFhZTA0YzViZmIzYWMwNGU0NTI0ODJlZmE1NTdjNDhjODdmMzUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjB3SzMxcUJKZDZlc3Frd29peUVVQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkowamhlY3BYV2NJTEFza1pyRmhjc0hiakxBU2tjc1hBQ1hoWERvQlNLN3BJNHBsZ0VxRmZtNEk" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InoxaEdtclB5a1Vmai9aZ01abm9XQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoickZJQWRka1Q3WUw4NTlidlpBaUVwZnVvMk9GNWsrM3NnTm9vWkVaSms2ekU4V1pYamI2aUxIUW5XUTh2c3ZTY1BQODlXczlwWHcrMFNVYk94OVFrbDVCQ1ltSndSVkFKUUYrVjByRjIwdHFCSTRoYm9OaG5EOVh5alZtRWFNdkUiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzkyOTIxODBiZjg0ZGEzOTA5Y2VkODhiYjVjNzU3MjI0MmI5ZTIwOGY2MzgxM2U4YmY5OWM0NTgxMDNiMzUwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:27:03 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InoxaEdtclB5a1Vmai9aZ01abm9XQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoickZJQWRka1Q3WUw4NTlidlpBaUVwZnVvMk9GNWsrM3NnTm9vWkVaSms2ekU4V1pYamI2aUxIUW5XUTh2c3ZTY1BQODlXc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjB3SzMxcUJKZDZlc3Frd29peUVVQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkowamhlY3BYV2NJTEFza1pyRmhjc0hiakxBU2tjc1hBQ1hoWERvQlNLN3BJNHBsZ0VxRmZtNEk5Zjd6aEtvRVgxWEFubWtDU0w1QlIxeDd6Mm1TSmo3ZDhZWVp4aWppQ0pYZDZMSlJVbGxlWTFmUnRUWmk2M0JjbldEckpCOEEiLCJtYWMiOiIzMDg1YTE5NDEzNjhiZWZmZTMwYmVhMDM2NjFhZTA0YzViZmIzYWMwNGU0NTI0ODJlZmE1NTdjNDhjODdmMzUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjB3SzMxcUJKZDZlc3Frd29peUVVQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkowamhlY3BYV2NJTEFza1pyRmhjc0hiakxBU2tjc1hBQ1hoWERvQlNLN3BJNHBsZ0VxRmZtNEk" ] ]
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "TUuTorw0qN9rXiwjqZZlPAmIej7lfQKU0tGcyMAJ" "uc_cart_id" => "9855d344145b9f63bfb2a0386b414a80" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14589" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:03GET/chapter/14589112197