Nondestructive Evaluation of Agro-products by Intelligent Sensing Techniques

Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning for Rapid Assessment of Deoxynivalenol of Barley Kernels

Author(s): ">Wen-Hao Su, Ce Yang, Yanhong Dong, Ryan Johnson, Rae Page, Tamas Szinyei, Cory D. Hirsch and Brian J. Steffenson

Pp: 120-137 (18)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811485800121010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Imaging techniques can be used to evaluate the quality and safety of agricultural products. Fusarium head blight (FHB) results in reduced barley yields and also diminished value of harvested barley. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by the causal Fusarium species that pose health risks to humans and livestock. DON has currently measured via gas chromatography (GC) methods that are time-consuming and expensive. We seek to apply imaging technology to rapidly and non-destructively quantify DON in high throughput and less expensive method. The feasibility of hyperspectral imaging to determine DON contents of barley kernels was evaluated using machine learning algorithms. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA) was able to discriminate kernels into four separate classes corresponding to their DON levels. Barley kernels could be classified as having low (<5 ppm) or high DON levels, with Matthews's correlation coefficient in cross-validation (M-RCV) of as high as 0.823. PLSR showed good performance in linear algorithms for DON detection, but higher accuracy was obtained by non-linear algorithms, including weighted partial least squares regression (LWPLSR), support vector machine regression (SVMR), and artificial neural network (ANN). Among all algorithms, the non-linear LWPLSR achieved the highest accuracy, with the coefficient of determination in prediction (R2 P) of 0.728 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 3.802. The results demonstrate that hyperspectral imaging and machine learning algorithms have the potential to assist the FHB resistance breeding process by accelerating the quantification of DON in barley samples.


Keywords: Food safety, Hyperspectral imaging, Machine learning.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version173msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[02:52:33] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (92.41ms)time
  • Application (80.63ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (53.4%)
    92.41ms
    1 x Application (46.6%)
    80.63ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed25.47ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316870080','',1,1739847153,1739847153) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739847153
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316870080','/chapter/14529',1,1739847153,1739847153)
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316870080 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316870080) limit 1
      13.56msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 316870080
      • 1: 316870080
      • 2: 316870080
      • 3: 316870080
      • 4: 316870080
      • 5: 316870080
      • 6: 316870080
      • 7: 316870080
      • 8: 316870080
      • 9: 316870080
      • 10: 316870080
      • 11: 316870080
      • 12: 316870080
      • 13: 316870080
      • 14: 316870080
      • 15: 316870080
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '14529' limit 1
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 14529
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '14529' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      2.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 14529
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '14529'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 14529
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 789 limit 1
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 789
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=789) and se.ebook_id!=789 and v.ebook_status='1'
      1.77msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=789) and se.ebook_id!=789 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      790μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=789)
      460μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=789) limit 10 offset 0
      500μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 2831 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 2831
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 789 and ebook_volume_id <> 2831 limit 1
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 789
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '14529' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '2831' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2831) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2831) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2831)
      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14529) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14529) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14529)
      690μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2831 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847153 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847153 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2831
      • 3: 1739847153
      • 4: 1739847153
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6a8fb97d88ed59fd0d912df7098be810'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    3Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        NRF4COdSTXo5MNWIzjHhg4pQb5QxeL52q6yto61V
        uc_cart_id
        6a8fb97d88ed59fd0d912df7098be810
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14529" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14529
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImJWTmJBL2RGL2MyWHBYMHdGUWZGb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRG5GM2x1MTdBZXZuaEVXL2M3U1VJZFQzNEVHVFBTSVRob2E2Q3MrY1k2Yz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZDg5NzU3MTEwMzlhODkzMTM5ZDQzYWJhZjU2MTUzNDc1NmI4ZTE1MDY5ZTJjZWE1Mjc3MmU1ZTdhZDc1MTYzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im03aGZqUE16NzJjY004THNPOU9IdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicjR4V2Z4RDdIcVhPNGVZbjR3cU1KRjJkSC9LTzFSUWZlWGpRWnZCanh4cDJrMDZYUmtFQWs2eUVBb3VMUDhNWU1qUzJ3TXUzNURpZHA3WENwN2pSTnN3Z2REWGpJOGxxNzZ2WkIycVRrbElaQjJrMXFZcEVpZ1JWbG1PdnhBVjAiLCJtYWMiOiI3Mjk5MjZmM2JlOGU5MTVkY2JmMDgzNmMyNmZhOTk5ZDgzODgyNmU4Njc1YTgyODNmMjY0ZGZiMjkzYjRmN2I0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik1JaWpKdGdydGdnbHgwNkg1YThhalE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXRMNmN6OTlZOEkwRnhheE1NUWNRd25zR0NBdmxlWjJhZXBJa1BQR0VGVFNKM0g5a1BUWTR6V2ZmWm5BQ1VhZGVVMzFVeHgvd0dSL2psR3dVMmpQdFl3ZVB6NUZMT21qcTRRM2ZWV1h5b1BZcWpjQlhNdUcrOHZWRU1YWStxUmsiLCJtYWMiOiI0MzFiZWE5MmI3NWNhM2JkMGY4ZGZjZDUwNWRmY2FlMjc2NzdjZGU0MmI3NDg3MTdkY2RhMDE0YzdjYWViNzk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImJWTmJBL2RGL2MyWHBYMHdGUWZGb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRG5GM2x1MTdBZXZuaEVXL2M3U1VJZFQzNEVHVFBTSVRob2E2Q3MrY1k2Yz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZDg5NzU3MTEwMzlh" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:3 [ "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "NRF4COdSTXo5MNWIzjHhg4pQb5QxeL52q6yto61V" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "gD753nBpf5PdsZLesvGRLV4rdISwH7Yq983bkiYb" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:52:33 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5Zd3NwbWJKZWFKWmU4b00zTkl1TXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWVMa1FjeGJ2MGhSckdmekdCRGNlVmZwdDlZWkY5enFsaVhvU3JzMTRGajdFa3RWZDNUdHVjSHVydjhtdHhTOU1vb2ZFUHhNQ0I0RjNtekZsRzA4ZjgyRG5YTzZCK3FKbXplc1A1bmZ2UHJ3bnhaSGVGSExxdElDVlpNZVU5V2giLCJtYWMiOiI0Nzg5MmRiMjI2MzJkMDU4M2FjOGNkNDNkYjZlMDdmZDhiMzdkNDk4YjIxNjk3MTRiZDg2NTBlMTYyZmM1NGE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:52:33 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5Zd3NwbWJKZWFKWmU4b00zTkl1TXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWVMa1FjeGJ2MGhSckdmekdCRGNlVmZwdDlZWkY5enFsaVhvU3JzMTRGajdFa3RWZDNUdHVjSHVydjhtdHhTOU1vb2ZFU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjVFQkxCNlREaGhxTEMvcmVxNTNkQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2o5SW9tcW1IZHFiRFpxWERoRE1CRGd0MFlZR0pFR1pHMXhkWG5MUEJXS1dOSXk3Y3k3T0Q4K2x2bUk2dXljdVlMQlltSG1MTlRRQ1dpRE1KWEJFZXk2azRQTHZ4MzNhblMrQWtrbjhuWWpvVjkzdEc2K29LN1FKbThtK1RCYysiLCJtYWMiOiIyNzMxNzYwMDhlZGZlOGVhNzI5NDY5OTI2OGQ1NDlhMmM0MGFkMmYxM2JkYWRmYzEyNzRkMDkxYjI4OWM4ODAzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjVFQkxCNlREaGhxTEMvcmVxNTNkQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2o5SW9tcW1IZHFiRFpxWERoRE1CRGd0MFlZR0pFR1pHMXhkWG5MUEJXS1dOSXk3Y3k3T0Q4K2x" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5Zd3NwbWJKZWFKWmU4b00zTkl1TXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWVMa1FjeGJ2MGhSckdmekdCRGNlVmZwdDlZWkY5enFsaVhvU3JzMTRGajdFa3RWZDNUdHVjSHVydjhtdHhTOU1vb2ZFUHhNQ0I0RjNtekZsRzA4ZjgyRG5YTzZCK3FKbXplc1A1bmZ2UHJ3bnhaSGVGSExxdElDVlpNZVU5V2giLCJtYWMiOiI0Nzg5MmRiMjI2MzJkMDU4M2FjOGNkNDNkYjZlMDdmZDhiMzdkNDk4YjIxNjk3MTRiZDg2NTBlMTYyZmM1NGE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:52:33 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5Zd3NwbWJKZWFKWmU4b00zTkl1TXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWVMa1FjeGJ2MGhSckdmekdCRGNlVmZwdDlZWkY5enFsaVhvU3JzMTRGajdFa3RWZDNUdHVjSHVydjhtdHhTOU1vb2ZFU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjVFQkxCNlREaGhxTEMvcmVxNTNkQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2o5SW9tcW1IZHFiRFpxWERoRE1CRGd0MFlZR0pFR1pHMXhkWG5MUEJXS1dOSXk3Y3k3T0Q4K2x2bUk2dXljdVlMQlltSG1MTlRRQ1dpRE1KWEJFZXk2azRQTHZ4MzNhblMrQWtrbjhuWWpvVjkzdEc2K29LN1FKbThtK1RCYysiLCJtYWMiOiIyNzMxNzYwMDhlZGZlOGVhNzI5NDY5OTI2OGQ1NDlhMmM0MGFkMmYxM2JkYWRmYzEyNzRkMDkxYjI4OWM4ODAzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjVFQkxCNlREaGhxTEMvcmVxNTNkQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2o5SW9tcW1IZHFiRFpxWERoRE1CRGd0MFlZR0pFR1pHMXhkWG5MUEJXS1dOSXk3Y3k3T0Q4K2x" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "NRF4COdSTXo5MNWIzjHhg4pQb5QxeL52q6yto61V" "uc_cart_id" => "6a8fb97d88ed59fd0d912df7098be810" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14529" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:52:33GET/chapter/14529112195