Predictive Analytics Using Statistics and Big Data: Concepts and Modeling

An Epidemic Analysis of COVID-19 using Exploratory Data Analysis Approach

Author(s): Chemmalar Selvi G. and Lakshmi Priya G. G.

Pp: 99-111 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811490491120010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The outbreak of data has empowered the growth of the business by adding business values from the available digital information in recent days. Data is elicited from a diverse source of information systems to bring out certain kinds of meaningful inferences, which serve closer in promoting the business values. The approach used in studying such vital data characteristics and analyzing the data thoroughly is the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), which is the most critical and important phase of data analysis. The main objective of the EDA process is to uncover the hidden facts of massive data and discover the meaningful patterns of information which impact the business value. At this vantage point, the EDA can be generalized into two methods, namely graphical and non-graphical EDA’s. The graphical EDA is the quick and powerful technique that visualizes the data summary in a graphical or pictorial representation. The graphical visualization of the data displays the correlation and distribution of data before even attempting the statistical techniques over it. On the other hand, the non-graphical EDA presents the statistical evaluation of data while pursuing its’ key characteristics and statistical summary. Based on the nature of attributes, the above two methods are further divided as Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate EDA processes. The univariate EDA shows the statistical summary of an individual attribute in the raw dataset. Whereas, the bivariate EDA demonstrates the correlation or interdependencies between actual and target attributes; the multivariate EDA is performed to identify the interactions among more than two attributes. Hence, the EDA techniques are used to clean, preprocess, and visualize the data to draw the conclusions required to solve the business problems. Thus, in this chapter, a comprehensive synopsis of different tools and techniques can be applied with a suitable programming framework during the initial phase of the EDA process. As an illustration, to make it easier and understandable, the aforementioned EDA techniques are explained with appropriate theoretical concepts along with a suitable case study.


Keywords: Bivariate analysis, Data visualization, Exploratory data analysis (EDA), Multivariate analysis, Statistical methods, Univariate analysis.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59771045 and j.to_ip >=59771045 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740514073 and j.to_date >= 1740514073 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14418) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59771045 and j.to_ip >=59771045 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740514073 and j.to_date >= 1740514073 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14418) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59771045 and j.to_ip >=59771045 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740514073 and j.to_date >= 1740514073 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14418)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2930 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740514073 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740514073 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2930
      • 3: 1740514073
      • 4: 1740514073
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4c57a98299a52c600a094181ec3100da'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        PUkwGiq3C2k5ab7VnHsohhaJMGrLGNrW97OtlHFl
        uc_cart_id
        4c57a98299a52c600a094181ec3100da
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14418" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14418
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 20:07:53GET/chapter/14418112188