Tuberculosis: A Clinical Practice Guide

Imaging in Tuberculosis

Author(s): Rafael Laniado-Laborín

Pp: 26-40 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811488511120010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Tuberculosis is an excellent simulator and can mimic virtually any disease. Clinically, it has been divided into primary and post-primary tuberculosis. Primary tuberculosis usually refers to patients not previously exposed to M. tuberculosis. Primary tuberculosis is more frequent in children, with its highest prevalence in children under five years, although the frequency of primary forms in adults is increasing. The primary disease has four main presentations at imaging: chest lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, miliary disease, and pleural effusion. Post-primary TB (also known as reactivation or secondary TB) most commonly involves the lungs in the apical and posterior segments of the upper lobes and the apical segment of the lower lobes. Initially, there are parenchymal consolidations, that if they are not diagnosed and treated, usually progress to necrosis and cavitation. Unilateral lung destruction is a serious complication of pulmonary TB that occurs in chronic advanced cases. Although TB is mostly limited to the lungs, it can happen in any other tissue or organ, especially in the immunocompromised host.


Keywords: Atelectasis, Cavitation, Fibrosis, Lymphadenopathy, Miliary, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis.Atelectasis, Cavitation, Fibrosis, Lymphadenopathy, Miliary, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58766425 and j.to_ip >=58766425 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528374 and j.to_date >= 1740528374 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14367) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58766425 and j.to_ip >=58766425 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528374 and j.to_date >= 1740528374 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14367) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58766425 and j.to_ip >=58766425 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528374 and j.to_date >= 1740528374 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14367)
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2923 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740528374 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740528374 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2923
      • 3: 1740528374
      • 4: 1740528374
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2e4f7f31106a5e4c0a982538e88903e4'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        z9Ym2AZOJ4T8zE0DOY23yhvsIhWuYPzb9YI8ZELU
        uc_cart_id
        2e4f7f31106a5e4c0a982538e88903e4
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14367" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14367
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkxTMzN5TW8yL2pkcDdwS25YaGVNRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidFIzZE85MEdTT2krdkZNWFB0bWtXNGtJSGZmTVF0VG1qZzgzR0JIaXI2ST0iLCJtYWMiOiI5NjUxMGQxYThlOGIwM2UwYTMxMzE3NDg0M2EzOTZlNzkyOTU1YTI4NTZjNGU0NTFjMjBiYmU4Yjk1OTQxYTYxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkxTMzN5TW8yL2pkcDdwS25YaGVNRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidFIzZE85MEdTT2krdkZNWFB0bWtXNGtJSGZmTVF0VG1qZzgzR0JIaXI2ST0iLCJtYWMiOiI5NjUxMGQxYThlOGIw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:06:14 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUbTNWeGNnY28wZzlUKytYNUpOZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHVycmhpZ2g2ZllLMDFUbXlZSTl6NmNwcUFTMjU4VGFzR1hDZ2pqT0tsV0ZzMWYzUkpGeS9zWUc0cVNvaUtBRzdmZm5vRkhiYzQ0OVpaL3VwTHNqM2ppZXVDTDFMSEVHTUhML2RRVENVd0ZlRmt0c2JyUXl4Z29OaDYwOGNnc1oiLCJtYWMiOiJjYTc0MDFiYzEyZGI4Y2VmMjU1N2JhNDQzZTAzM2Q3NTAxMWQwMTg1NjE5NGNiZTYzNjc4ODc0YzZhNjgzNTAwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 12:06:14 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUbTNWeGNnY28wZzlUKytYNUpOZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHVycmhpZ2g2ZllLMDFUbXlZSTl6NmNwcUFTMjU4VGFzR1hDZ2pqT0tsV0ZzMWYzUkpGeS9zWUc0cVNvaUtBRzdmZm5vR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVvRG4rdHJFeUQrUk5HRzQydFo0OWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR1VFbTRzMlFMY0F2dlNieTcwRWZNZ3B4d0VYRzYrSzBOYk1BSGh5WGM0aEUzRkptdDdrcy9IakplM2tMYjNmR2paVEZNNUlrVzRQRnFXMDNrY3krM2wyMSt3Z1g2SVQyWlpkTWdkRWlWZ3Zhc0lUczJSOGFXN0hBemxyS293dHYiLCJtYWMiOiI1OWNkZTI3NGM0YjJjYjIzNGZiMWMxNWIwMTQwZmViNmYwZjdiM2RjOWYzM2NhMThkYTlmMTQ5YmZjMmQ3YTA1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVvRG4rdHJFeUQrUk5HRzQydFo0OWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR1VFbTRzMlFMY0F2dlNieTcwRWZNZ3B4d0VYRzYrSzBOYk1BSGh5WGM0aEUzRkptdDdrcy9Iakp" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUbTNWeGNnY28wZzlUKytYNUpOZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHVycmhpZ2g2ZllLMDFUbXlZSTl6NmNwcUFTMjU4VGFzR1hDZ2pqT0tsV0ZzMWYzUkpGeS9zWUc0cVNvaUtBRzdmZm5vRkhiYzQ0OVpaL3VwTHNqM2ppZXVDTDFMSEVHTUhML2RRVENVd0ZlRmt0c2JyUXl4Z29OaDYwOGNnc1oiLCJtYWMiOiJjYTc0MDFiYzEyZGI4Y2VmMjU1N2JhNDQzZTAzM2Q3NTAxMWQwMTg1NjE5NGNiZTYzNjc4ODc0YzZhNjgzNTAwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 12:06:14 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUbTNWeGNnY28wZzlUKytYNUpOZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHVycmhpZ2g2ZllLMDFUbXlZSTl6NmNwcUFTMjU4VGFzR1hDZ2pqT0tsV0ZzMWYzUkpGeS9zWUc0cVNvaUtBRzdmZm5vR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVvRG4rdHJFeUQrUk5HRzQydFo0OWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR1VFbTRzMlFMY0F2dlNieTcwRWZNZ3B4d0VYRzYrSzBOYk1BSGh5WGM0aEUzRkptdDdrcy9IakplM2tMYjNmR2paVEZNNUlrVzRQRnFXMDNrY3krM2wyMSt3Z1g2SVQyWlpkTWdkRWlWZ3Zhc0lUczJSOGFXN0hBemxyS293dHYiLCJtYWMiOiI1OWNkZTI3NGM0YjJjYjIzNGZiMWMxNWIwMTQwZmViNmYwZjdiM2RjOWYzM2NhMThkYTlmMTQ5YmZjMmQ3YTA1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVvRG4rdHJFeUQrUk5HRzQydFo0OWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR1VFbTRzMlFMY0F2dlNieTcwRWZNZ3B4d0VYRzYrSzBOYk1BSGh5WGM0aEUzRkptdDdrcy9Iakp" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "z9Ym2AZOJ4T8zE0DOY23yhvsIhWuYPzb9YI8ZELU" "uc_cart_id" => "2e4f7f31106a5e4c0a982538e88903e4" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14367" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-26 00:06:14GET/chapter/143671121917