Biodiversity and Livelihood: Lessons from Community Research in India

Glomus Microcarpum: A Dominant Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associate of Banana in South India

Author(s): K.S. Nidheesh and J.G. Ray

Pp: 210-218 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811482151120010018

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

An Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) is one of the biodiversity components of soil significant to soil fertility. The AMF is essential for the healthy growthof many plants. In our extensive investigation on the natural AM flora of diverse commercially cultivated banana fields in South India, the AM fungus Glomus microcarpum was one of the major root associates of banana. It is associated with all the 13 banana varieties in South India. The spore density of G. microcarpum in soil samples ranged from 10 to 510 per 100g soil. Mean spore density in summer season (139.51±9.58) was significantly higher (P<0.0001) than that of monsoon season (91.61±4.73). In relation to banana varieties, the average spore density of G. microcarpum in the summer ranged from 20 (Kadali) to 185 (Rasthali), and that of monsoon ranged from 30 (Attukannan) to138.6 (Chenkadali) spores per 100g soil. The difference in spore density over banana varieties was not significant (P˃0.05) in both the seasons.The average AM fungal root colonization in banana varieties ranged from 32% to 85%. The mean AM fungal colonization of monsoon season was significantly (P<0.0001) higher than the summer. In general, information on any aspect of natural AMF biodiversity in soils is highly beneficial to sustainable cultivation of any crop.


Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Banana, Glomusmicrocarpum, South India, Sustainable Cultivation.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314333023 and j.to_ip >=314333023 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495067 and j.to_date >= 1740495067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14271) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314333023 and j.to_ip >=314333023 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495067 and j.to_date >= 1740495067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14271) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314333023 and j.to_ip >=314333023 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495067 and j.to_date >= 1740495067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14271)
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2909 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740495067 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740495067 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.26msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2909
      • 3: 1740495067
      • 4: 1740495067
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0cd22278dd42789f4980112652badd16'
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        SqxNp8eHp2PK2ThFRkczhf7HieBe8CdWg67thFgi
        uc_cart_id
        0cd22278dd42789f4980112652badd16
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14271" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14271
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFhZUVtVzA3STFZVUN5T01tendyTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWkJSNTFwUXJ6U1pVcGYzaG5XejVyaTVYY1dVK3FMdnFuSHhqYTlzRFZYUT0iLCJtYWMiOiJkNzcxZDA4ZjA4M2NkOGVjN2IyNTdkNzU1YjhiNmJlZjczY2I1ZjYwYzc3MmVmYjExMjgzNDEwYTI3NWYyMmZjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFhZUVtVzA3STFZVUN5T01tendyTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWkJSNTFwUXJ6U1pVcGYzaG5XejVyaTVYY1dVK3FMdnFuSHhqYTlzRFZYUT0iLCJtYWMiOiJkNzcxZDA4ZjA4M2Nk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 14:51:07 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDcDRSQ2dUeEJBVHRobmhSM0wvOWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1dMejYyWkhoVGU0MjV4WFI3TFIwTEY5WXRtRVNiVk9Cczgwd0pNSWw5ZW1DN1VhdDEzdXExQkZ4dGlod2xka1crdUdXZktzeXJYS0xPWXFIa2ZsdW1zOWlSellWekNBSUZGRlpudC81ZW9TNUxKbGJyRlhHSFBzVjZnNFpMakIiLCJtYWMiOiJjOTlmY2QwODY1NWJjM2JkMWVjZjZlY2E2Yjg1YzQ2NDY5ZTI3NWY3Y2M3MjZjYzdhNzkyMDQ3ZDg2ODYxYmMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 02:51:07 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDcDRSQ2dUeEJBVHRobmhSM0wvOWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1dMejYyWkhoVGU0MjV4WFI3TFIwTEY5WXRtRVNiVk9Cczgwd0pNSWw5ZW1DN1VhdDEzdXExQkZ4dGlod2xka1crdUdXZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFkdndRWGpubE05Y0RQWUJ6OENuOEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0ovRCtueFhpQnBnV21ITGRjdkFYUE1nSW54WWp2clA1QzhnOFptd2JOQzVqUmk2UnA5YnFJS3ZJMGJvamp5ODZVSHBtcFVCSzBJa05SR1dhQnpUM2RGWUc2RWdqTlBYZzZsWWFvRXcrekNGaG12RXVRSC9mSkZ4Zzl1TDljVEQiLCJtYWMiOiJmNDFkOTI2NWZjM2NkOTdmZDljMDcyMDEyN2E5OTNjYTVlZmRlNDQwMjAwMDk3MjVlZmU4N2U5NjdmOGU5YmJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFkdndRWGpubE05Y0RQWUJ6OENuOEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0ovRCtueFhpQnBnV21ITGRjdkFYUE1nSW54WWp2clA1QzhnOFptd2JOQzVqUmk2UnA5YnFJS3Z" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDcDRSQ2dUeEJBVHRobmhSM0wvOWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1dMejYyWkhoVGU0MjV4WFI3TFIwTEY5WXRtRVNiVk9Cczgwd0pNSWw5ZW1DN1VhdDEzdXExQkZ4dGlod2xka1crdUdXZktzeXJYS0xPWXFIa2ZsdW1zOWlSellWekNBSUZGRlpudC81ZW9TNUxKbGJyRlhHSFBzVjZnNFpMakIiLCJtYWMiOiJjOTlmY2QwODY1NWJjM2JkMWVjZjZlY2E2Yjg1YzQ2NDY5ZTI3NWY3Y2M3MjZjYzdhNzkyMDQ3ZDg2ODYxYmMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 02:51:07 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDcDRSQ2dUeEJBVHRobmhSM0wvOWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1dMejYyWkhoVGU0MjV4WFI3TFIwTEY5WXRtRVNiVk9Cczgwd0pNSWw5ZW1DN1VhdDEzdXExQkZ4dGlod2xka1crdUdXZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFkdndRWGpubE05Y0RQWUJ6OENuOEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0ovRCtueFhpQnBnV21ITGRjdkFYUE1nSW54WWp2clA1QzhnOFptd2JOQzVqUmk2UnA5YnFJS3ZJMGJvamp5ODZVSHBtcFVCSzBJa05SR1dhQnpUM2RGWUc2RWdqTlBYZzZsWWFvRXcrekNGaG12RXVRSC9mSkZ4Zzl1TDljVEQiLCJtYWMiOiJmNDFkOTI2NWZjM2NkOTdmZDljMDcyMDEyN2E5OTNjYTVlZmRlNDQwMjAwMDk3MjVlZmU4N2U5NjdmOGU5YmJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFkdndRWGpubE05Y0RQWUJ6OENuOEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0ovRCtueFhpQnBnV21ITGRjdkFYUE1nSW54WWp2clA1QzhnOFptd2JOQzVqUmk2UnA5YnFJS3Z" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "SqxNp8eHp2PK2ThFRkczhf7HieBe8CdWg67thFgi" "uc_cart_id" => "0cd22278dd42789f4980112652badd16" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14271" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 14:51:07GET/chapter/14271112197