Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery

Volume: 8

Aptamers as Anti-Infective Agents

Author(s): Muhammad Ali Syed, Nayab Ali, Bushra Jamil and Ammar Ahmed

Pp: 232-253 (22)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811412387120080010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Rapidly emerging drug resistance in all classes of pathogenic microorganisms has become a challenging task and a global health issue in recent years. There are very limited alternative options available to cure infectious diseases, as the rate of rise in drug resistance in infectious agents is higher than the arrival of new antimicrobial drugs. There is a dire need to look for new types of anti-infective agents, besides looking for new antibiotics. One of the promising types of antimicrobial agents is aptamers, synthesized through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique. Aptamers hold a significant promise for the treatment of various infectious diseases in the future. In the recent past, a number of successful attempts have been made to select and apply aptamers for the detection and binding of infectious agents and their products for therapeutic purposes. This chapter presents a basic introduction to aptamers and their application as anti-infective agents.


Keywords: Aptamers, Antibiotics, Drug Resistance, Infectious Diseases, Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX).

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51137665 and j.to_ip >=51137665 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740345886 and j.to_date >= 1740345886 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14070) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51137665 and j.to_ip >=51137665 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740345886 and j.to_date >= 1740345886 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14070) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51137665 and j.to_ip >=51137665 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740345886 and j.to_date >= 1740345886 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14070)
      840μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2661 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740345886 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740345886 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.57msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2661
      • 3: 1740345886
      • 4: 1740345886
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='92e343eb698b069f898a6c6e6c13fb43'
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        3UqS8JohwiFVVcCsIw7l3nupB9Nrwcez0mKceKRz
        uc_cart_id
        92e343eb698b069f898a6c6e6c13fb43
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14070" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14070
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjlST3Vvd2VpUFY0UmRBV0xCSW9BMXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoia0xadVVFaWtiQW1ockJyMlhTSkh5eFM0N0gramRIeXhXVHhQOENuT09vZz0iLCJtYWMiOiI2MDViN2U3MDU3MDQ3YmExMmQ2MTgxYzFhZDYxZDgyYzFhN2VjYzQwOGJjNWFmYTM4YjU1YjdmZjE2NDNmNTI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjlST3Vvd2VpUFY0UmRBV0xCSW9BMXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoia0xadVVFaWtiQW1ockJyMlhTSkh5eFM0N0gramRIeXhXVHhQOENuT09vZz0iLCJtYWMiOiI2MDViN2U3MDU3MDQ3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:24:46 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZKd0REQS9uUGZTbGpkZnV6MlVod3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUZ3SzM5MFl3MHFROUJvLzJ4elovUmpmMHNOejNPeFErYklvS3Z6b0M1NE8wVW94b1NwOTdWQUFvVlJNNWE2UGdIUmRxbGZldGFnZGx5MnRta3N0d1JZZXAwd0JZSHpOaVBPUHhTWmVJREhUNkYzQzZMR21WR1hNdXJvMnJpeEoiLCJtYWMiOiI3NjM1NzVkMjk2ZTFlMGNjNTVlZWUzNDY0OGMxMDZhZDQ5ODBiZTU4NGM3MjAwNjUyNDQ4NDdiY2Q2ODdmYzJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:24:46 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZKd0REQS9uUGZTbGpkZnV6MlVod3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUZ3SzM5MFl3MHFROUJvLzJ4elovUmpmMHNOejNPeFErYklvS3Z6b0M1NE8wVW94b1NwOTdWQUFvVlJNNWE2UGdIUmRxb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ2Y0hEdWk3THk1Zitva3BYTUcwdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoick1WbCtaZlQwejB3dVpJYXhneTVIa210NGNPUS90TnpQWkp2MG4zV0pVR2NVTEs0WmN5N3NVRm0vRlNRNDBXUk9mcFl3WjZLVW9sbGI2WGJSYXBOZGMxWWVuaUJvOU5YdUtvU0VMUGhxQnlxakNHbHA0WUoxd3VBZUpVR0NiSTEiLCJtYWMiOiI0NTk2OTFlNGVkNWQ1NjMyNDYzMzg4MWE0OTY3MjY4N2U2NjIwYzk5MDM5MWVlMDVjYmJhZjdjZjAwMjkzZmNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ2Y0hEdWk3THk1Zitva3BYTUcwdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoick1WbCtaZlQwejB3dVpJYXhneTVIa210NGNPUS90TnpQWkp2MG4zV0pVR2NVTEs0WmN5N3NVRm0" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZKd0REQS9uUGZTbGpkZnV6MlVod3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUZ3SzM5MFl3MHFROUJvLzJ4elovUmpmMHNOejNPeFErYklvS3Z6b0M1NE8wVW94b1NwOTdWQUFvVlJNNWE2UGdIUmRxbGZldGFnZGx5MnRta3N0d1JZZXAwd0JZSHpOaVBPUHhTWmVJREhUNkYzQzZMR21WR1hNdXJvMnJpeEoiLCJtYWMiOiI3NjM1NzVkMjk2ZTFlMGNjNTVlZWUzNDY0OGMxMDZhZDQ5ODBiZTU4NGM3MjAwNjUyNDQ4NDdiY2Q2ODdmYzJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:24:46 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZKd0REQS9uUGZTbGpkZnV6MlVod3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUZ3SzM5MFl3MHFROUJvLzJ4elovUmpmMHNOejNPeFErYklvS3Z6b0M1NE8wVW94b1NwOTdWQUFvVlJNNWE2UGdIUmRxb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ2Y0hEdWk3THk1Zitva3BYTUcwdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoick1WbCtaZlQwejB3dVpJYXhneTVIa210NGNPUS90TnpQWkp2MG4zV0pVR2NVTEs0WmN5N3NVRm0vRlNRNDBXUk9mcFl3WjZLVW9sbGI2WGJSYXBOZGMxWWVuaUJvOU5YdUtvU0VMUGhxQnlxakNHbHA0WUoxd3VBZUpVR0NiSTEiLCJtYWMiOiI0NTk2OTFlNGVkNWQ1NjMyNDYzMzg4MWE0OTY3MjY4N2U2NjIwYzk5MDM5MWVlMDVjYmJhZjdjZjAwMjkzZmNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImQ2Y0hEdWk3THk1Zitva3BYTUcwdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoick1WbCtaZlQwejB3dVpJYXhneTVIa210NGNPUS90TnpQWkp2MG4zV0pVR2NVTEs0WmN5N3NVRm0" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "3UqS8JohwiFVVcCsIw7l3nupB9Nrwcez0mKceKRz" "uc_cart_id" => "92e343eb698b069f898a6c6e6c13fb43" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14070" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:24:46GET/chapter/14070112197