Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery

Volume: 8

Phyto-Nano-Antimicrobials: Synthesis, Characterization, Discovery, and Advances

Author(s): M.G. Avinash, Farhan Zameer, Govindappa Melappa, Sunil S. More, K. Muthuchelian, S.P. Hudeda, S.M. Veena, M.N. Nagendra Prasad, Shubha Gopal, Aishwarya T. Devi, Pankaj Satapathy, Anirudh G. Patil, K. Kounaina, Antara Biswas, R. Aishwarya Shree, G. Dhanapal, N. Akshaya Simha, M. Rashmi Shetty and S. Aishwarya

Pp: 196-231 (36)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811412387120080009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Nanotechnology has brought a revolution to the world of science and medicine. With time, the dependency on nanotechnological advancement is increasing. Synthesis of nano-scale modulators is a significant domain of focus that employs crude formulations, retro-synthesized, and pure chemicals, mostly from herbal sources with lesser side effects. However, all these methods suffer from drawbacks and limitations. For an eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis, green chemistry has evolved with a tangential approach for the synthesis of metals (Au, Ag) and metal oxides (ZnO, CuO, TiO). Green synthesis uses plant extracts (leaves, stem, shoot) and microbes (bacteria, fungi, yeast) as reducing intermediate for the production of nanoparticles.

The advantage of these extracts lies within the phenolic constitutes of aldehydes, ketones, proteins, and other biomolecules that implicate the reduction of the nanoparticles.

These green synthesized nanoparticles have high efficacy ranging from anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and wide applications in medicine. In this chapter, we discuss the methods of green synthesis, their applications, and prospects. The current chapter will pave the way for future applications and better means for the synthesis of nanoparticles leading into a newer direction with varied recognition in nano-life sciences.


Keywords: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Gold, Green Synthesis, Metal oxides, Metal, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Particle diameter, Particle size, Quantum dots, Silver.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347468 and j.to_date >= 1740347468 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14069) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347468 and j.to_date >= 1740347468 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14069) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347468 and j.to_date >= 1740347468 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14069)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2661 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347468 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347468 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2661
      • 3: 1740347468
      • 4: 1740347468
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='610dece9b886f50f50c18ed719cf7494'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    12Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        92YCP98Amiwm0o2N4u4USS8r2KCjMLteLJkVzoN9
        uc_cart_id
        610dece9b886f50f50c18ed719cf7494
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14069" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14069
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InpYWWg1ZTVocm1rd1JUQ1lEbDlJamc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWkU2N1o5eVQ0eHBuSmVOa2F2STY5dkRVUXFjZXRBNzEreW5uMy9oTzhFbz0iLCJtYWMiOiIxNDgyNzdkN2IyNjM0ZTA1NzVhZTAyMzcxNTM1MzcyODgwOGY2ODhjMzAwNmM5YjZmOTNhYTQ4M2Q0ZmQ5MmM5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InpYWWg1ZTVocm1rd1JUQ1lEbDlJamc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWkU2N1o5eVQ0eHBuSmVOa2F2STY5dkRVUXFjZXRBNzEreW5uMy9oTzhFbz0iLCJtYWMiOiIxNDgyNzdkN2IyNjM0" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:51:08 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImNvZ2x2TFl0ZGNUdWNCdVFmUUVRdWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic2JyS29WaVNxMzFYOWI1NG5LRzlTSlJ6eHpkZ3VJN0UrRFNGcnU1STJULzl2VmZhdjRrZ2FqRUhqWjFSSWp2czJ6SW9GNHczL0NSMXRmdGgvWlpKMEltODhDanVIQjZkM05KUDhQbUdSQ1A2Nkg0RHAvRU9ScWlaQmY1MFFkVUUiLCJtYWMiOiI1MTVhYzQzYzNhYmUyNDI4OGRhOWQ2N2Q3NDNlMzQ4YTZkZGM2ZTk1M2M3ZDgwMzNlZmE5NWY0NWUyMjhmYjY3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:51:08 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImNvZ2x2TFl0ZGNUdWNCdVFmUUVRdWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic2JyS29WaVNxMzFYOWI1NG5LRzlTSlJ6eHpkZ3VJN0UrRFNGcnU1STJULzl2VmZhdjRrZ2FqRUhqWjFSSWp2czJ6SW9GN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJKMzJJSnhBR2l0RzhuK3dsT1FNV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOGJYcTRkZXpOS3BOOGhpbldlb0FnSk1nQjlXNkY4N3VORFFYSzlvcGZPc0laOWdYNUVSWDlSdEVEZVU4Ym10UkFIc2YxUW8yWmZBQTFHYzRlbjZONzRjZ21XdzBBM3pyMkd2TGI2amlOMDVrQW1OV3ZRN3A5R0ZVTFVJR2sybk8iLCJtYWMiOiIyOTMwZjU4MmNiNjdkZWYzMmE4ZGQ1ZTFjZTNiOWZkMTEwMmMxZTk4NzAyYTBjODIwMjY3M2MzYmI0MDhmNWUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJKMzJJSnhBR2l0RzhuK3dsT1FNV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOGJYcTRkZXpOS3BOOGhpbldlb0FnSk1nQjlXNkY4N3VORFFYSzlvcGZPc0laOWdYNUVSWDlSdEV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImNvZ2x2TFl0ZGNUdWNCdVFmUUVRdWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic2JyS29WaVNxMzFYOWI1NG5LRzlTSlJ6eHpkZ3VJN0UrRFNGcnU1STJULzl2VmZhdjRrZ2FqRUhqWjFSSWp2czJ6SW9GNHczL0NSMXRmdGgvWlpKMEltODhDanVIQjZkM05KUDhQbUdSQ1A2Nkg0RHAvRU9ScWlaQmY1MFFkVUUiLCJtYWMiOiI1MTVhYzQzYzNhYmUyNDI4OGRhOWQ2N2Q3NDNlMzQ4YTZkZGM2ZTk1M2M3ZDgwMzNlZmE5NWY0NWUyMjhmYjY3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:51:08 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImNvZ2x2TFl0ZGNUdWNCdVFmUUVRdWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic2JyS29WaVNxMzFYOWI1NG5LRzlTSlJ6eHpkZ3VJN0UrRFNGcnU1STJULzl2VmZhdjRrZ2FqRUhqWjFSSWp2czJ6SW9GN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJKMzJJSnhBR2l0RzhuK3dsT1FNV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOGJYcTRkZXpOS3BOOGhpbldlb0FnSk1nQjlXNkY4N3VORFFYSzlvcGZPc0laOWdYNUVSWDlSdEVEZVU4Ym10UkFIc2YxUW8yWmZBQTFHYzRlbjZONzRjZ21XdzBBM3pyMkd2TGI2amlOMDVrQW1OV3ZRN3A5R0ZVTFVJR2sybk8iLCJtYWMiOiIyOTMwZjU4MmNiNjdkZWYzMmE4ZGQ1ZTFjZTNiOWZkMTEwMmMxZTk4NzAyYTBjODIwMjY3M2MzYmI0MDhmNWUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJKMzJJSnhBR2l0RzhuK3dsT1FNV0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOGJYcTRkZXpOS3BOOGhpbldlb0FnSk1nQjlXNkY4N3VORFFYSzlvcGZPc0laOWdYNUVSWDlSdEV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "92YCP98Amiwm0o2N4u4USS8r2KCjMLteLJkVzoN9" "uc_cart_id" => "610dece9b886f50f50c18ed719cf7494" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14069" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:51:08GET/chapter/140691121914