Frontiers in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery

Volume: 5

Cardiovascular Disease: A Systems Biology Approach

Author(s): Sujata Roy* and Ashasmita S Mishra

Pp: 234-250 (17)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811413247120050009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In the post-genomic era, the main challenge is to extract meaningful and valuable information from a large pool of data generated by high throughput techniques like microarray and deep sequencing techniques. Systems biology is an emerging discipline that aids in interpreting a large amount of biological data in a meaningful way. It helps to draw significant inference from a large amount of data about the interactions of genes or proteins, by developing quantitative mathematical models. Due to its complex nature, cardiovascular diseases can be better understood using the systems biology concept. Different components of the disease like heart failure and coronary artery disease can be comprehended in a modular fashion, wherein each module consists of multiple genes and their nonlinear interactions. Another approach is population genetics or Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), which has identified over two hundred chromosomal loci that modulate the risk of cardiovascular diseases. These GWAS variation data can be integrated with multi-omics data and gene network data to identify the susceptible pathways, modules and genotyping cause behind it. Identification of a hub gene in a network is one of the main approaches of research in systems biology of cardiovascular diseases. This hub gene can serve as a biomarker for early detection or therapeutic targets. Comorbidities are another cause of increased risk leading to further complications in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Analysis of association of the comorbidities, using a system biology approach, focuses on the prevention of severe vascular events. The most common comorbidities include diabetes, kidney disease, peripheral arterial disease, etc. Systems biology can aid in identifying special biomarkers for early diagnosis of cardiovascular comorbidities and the following careful management might lead to prolonged survival of the patient.


Keywords: Bioinformatics, Cardiovascular Diseases, Data analysis, Disease comorbidities, Genome-wide association studies, Integrated omics, Network Biology, Network Medicine, Systems Biology.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60151475 and j.to_ip >=60151475 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515632 and j.to_date >= 1740515632 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14024) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60151475 and j.to_ip >=60151475 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515632 and j.to_date >= 1740515632 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14024) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60151475 and j.to_ip >=60151475 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515632 and j.to_date >= 1740515632 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 14024)
      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2818 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740515632 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740515632 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2818
      • 3: 1740515632
      • 4: 1740515632
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8d6538f91a56ab65bbf985ca9db9814e'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    9Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        7KgoPzpZnKZasSb42Odq1rb4JPNaNcZe7SGwPfX9
        uc_cart_id
        8d6538f91a56ab65bbf985ca9db9814e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14024" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/14024
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImFVcWk0MnNHcVdtblFLYytiZE5BNXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSXlVVW5WWlBLWXZSc1ZCUWJCT05BQ3piZEpPZzVRZUpnNlRDcXFuUmN5RT0iLCJtYWMiOiI1NTAyMjk3YTY5YmJhMDRjYTViMjA0ZGYxOWYyZTBlOGViNTdiZjg1N2YxYmJmNjcyZmU4ZDVkOThmYThjMTc3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImFVcWk0MnNHcVdtblFLYytiZE5BNXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSXlVVW5WWlBLWXZSc1ZCUWJCT05BQ3piZEpPZzVRZUpnNlRDcXFuUmN5RT0iLCJtYWMiOiI1NTAyMjk3YTY5YmJh" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 20:33:52 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRZYkpUWkhEU1phMm9obGhVMFprYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTFyV3hxL3lOVW8rNHA5bXhNb2x4d2pITVlZeTRpMFFjdkczdFB1SERDR3NIbFY5bmMvSzhybU4vK3ZZbHhOeFhDaUlhU1dwSmpQaTJleWppcUZlR1VzTnVpcEY0S1h0TnNoaW5pQUtKblFHUTk2eXlmRnloWDNNTE8vaWV3ZnMiLCJtYWMiOiIzMjg3MDY2ZTRhMzdkZWNiMjk0ODRjNmMwY2ZlNThkMmViNzNiZGJjMTU4NmNjYjE4ZjQ5YTA3MjdiMDNkZjk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 08:33:52 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRZYkpUWkhEU1phMm9obGhVMFprYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTFyV3hxL3lOVW8rNHA5bXhNb2x4d2pITVlZeTRpMFFjdkczdFB1SERDR3NIbFY5bmMvSzhybU4vK3ZZbHhOeFhDaUlhU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhNUGxwV1c1UUZLM01LWDlqeTBkVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWjh2WGRCeG50NG4xOXFNNXVuZDQvVVpMR0drV2k2UVZWTVdBdmswUitWbTJERU1WcDdUTUhxV3lidFkzMkdkUW5OTjZxZllBbVRsbnV2d1ZMYW9rMjVNWU56b2VrcjIxOEljVFZpTmIzNDRLamVvbFpsUkpqcUZtOVI4YW1zRWEiLCJtYWMiOiJlZTlmZDc1YjEwMTNiNmZhYTI2ZWQ1ZDZjZjgwMzg1YjIwYWYwYzMyZDRlNjQ4NWM0ZjVkOTNmYTkyM2MzOWZhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhNUGxwV1c1UUZLM01LWDlqeTBkVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWjh2WGRCeG50NG4xOXFNNXVuZDQvVVpMR0drV2k2UVZWTVdBdmswUitWbTJERU1WcDdUTUhxV3l" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRZYkpUWkhEU1phMm9obGhVMFprYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTFyV3hxL3lOVW8rNHA5bXhNb2x4d2pITVlZeTRpMFFjdkczdFB1SERDR3NIbFY5bmMvSzhybU4vK3ZZbHhOeFhDaUlhU1dwSmpQaTJleWppcUZlR1VzTnVpcEY0S1h0TnNoaW5pQUtKblFHUTk2eXlmRnloWDNNTE8vaWV3ZnMiLCJtYWMiOiIzMjg3MDY2ZTRhMzdkZWNiMjk0ODRjNmMwY2ZlNThkMmViNzNiZGJjMTU4NmNjYjE4ZjQ5YTA3MjdiMDNkZjk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 08:33:52 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRZYkpUWkhEU1phMm9obGhVMFprYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTFyV3hxL3lOVW8rNHA5bXhNb2x4d2pITVlZeTRpMFFjdkczdFB1SERDR3NIbFY5bmMvSzhybU4vK3ZZbHhOeFhDaUlhU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhNUGxwV1c1UUZLM01LWDlqeTBkVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWjh2WGRCeG50NG4xOXFNNXVuZDQvVVpMR0drV2k2UVZWTVdBdmswUitWbTJERU1WcDdUTUhxV3lidFkzMkdkUW5OTjZxZllBbVRsbnV2d1ZMYW9rMjVNWU56b2VrcjIxOEljVFZpTmIzNDRLamVvbFpsUkpqcUZtOVI4YW1zRWEiLCJtYWMiOiJlZTlmZDc1YjEwMTNiNmZhYTI2ZWQ1ZDZjZjgwMzg1YjIwYWYwYzMyZDRlNjQ4NWM0ZjVkOTNmYTkyM2MzOWZhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhNUGxwV1c1UUZLM01LWDlqeTBkVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWjh2WGRCeG50NG4xOXFNNXVuZDQvVVpMR0drV2k2UVZWTVdBdmswUitWbTJERU1WcDdUTUhxV3l" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "7KgoPzpZnKZasSb42Odq1rb4JPNaNcZe7SGwPfX9" "uc_cart_id" => "8d6538f91a56ab65bbf985ca9db9814e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/14024" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 20:33:52GET/chapter/140241121911