Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Angina Pectoris

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 172-185 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010015

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Angina pectoris is a symptomatic clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia which is caused by emotional stress. The patients having the age of 65 years and females age 70 years for women are at higher risk of developing angina pectoris. Currently, 4.1 million people are affected by coronary artery disease. The annual death rates of stable angina patients were 1.2% to 2.4. The major risk factors for angina pectoris include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stress, physical inactivity, smoking; and alcohol contributes to the development of angina pectoris. The clinical manifestations of angina pectoris include chest tightness, chest pain, chest discomfort, burning chest, fatigue, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, aching, chest fullness, and more weight on chest. Chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, holter monitoring, coronary angiogram, and stress test is used to detect the severity of disease complications. The proper understanding of pathophysiological approaches is essential for better management of angina pectoris. The continuous prescribing practice of statins, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, heparin, anti-platelets, nitrates, ACE inhibitors, thrombolytic medications could improve the heart rate and improve the blood flow in the vascular stream and also lower the cardiovascular complications in primary care settings.


Keywords: Angina Pectoris, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Myocardial Ischemia.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346507 and j.to_date >= 1740346507 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13988) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346507 and j.to_date >= 1740346507 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13988) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346507 and j.to_date >= 1740346507 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13988)
      820μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740346507 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740346507 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.51msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740346507
      • 4: 1740346507
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9bed9be7b31d054b8f03f7c0260826e0'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        lDxPoMKBQUIJGMoyBmUmnSDE1OeWQBbF8FVTmC8c
        uc_cart_id
        9bed9be7b31d054b8f03f7c0260826e0
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13988" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13988
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InZjZTRtdzVIUmVTZXZzaURRYURqeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTVVCVVp2d0g1K2dObk4zb3p5M0VWTnU4ZDgvYXU4YnZEQ3dpNDdQcnhtZz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhN2QwYzYyNzc2NDA2MDIwYzZhNjg4NjU0Y2VlNTM0Nzg5MzMwNDRiODA2ZTczYmYxNTNjZGU3YTgyZDA5MmNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InZjZTRtdzVIUmVTZXZzaURRYURqeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTVVCVVp2d0g1K2dObk4zb3p5M0VWTnU4ZDgvYXU4YnZEQ3dpNDdQcnhtZz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhN2QwYzYyNzc2NDA2" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:35:07 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFSMk1FcnRHYUVkWEYxdmNrT1JwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWJOTUY1dmNJeXJCd3ZXSW5peXlFaUVTd2hzWGxnNllzOVVSbVRWazVha0JHR3A1R1lUMXE1aDB1N1M4WE9lRjk2NDdQNXZjQXRoUThpNnhLenJLUFV0TCtSQTZWYkpXdmVzMzFuSkYwaFExRGVzZjBsbHJ3RVVaeFdPcm1wQkYiLCJtYWMiOiJhYTg2ZTBjYzk0NTQyYWU3ZDUyMTc2YjE2NWM5MzI1MGU0ZTY2Zjk0NzY3OWFmYTlkZjc5YjcxZTNkNDViNGUwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:35:07 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFSMk1FcnRHYUVkWEYxdmNrT1JwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWJOTUY1dmNJeXJCd3ZXSW5peXlFaUVTd2hzWGxnNllzOVVSbVRWazVha0JHR3A1R1lUMXE1aDB1N1M4WE9lRjk2NDdQN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkI4L2E5WnVuWmFWVVh4MUtQSjRUYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUU1IYjczSUZ4WUVhZyt5anVyMGQ0aDc3ZDlQTThTanNCRTZwRHBVeHJIOXNpcXJWYTVWZFowNFk3a0ZOYm9nOFZpNnpOWUJzemVlNEtYUjZJU2I3WjJGdVB6dUVHWnI4YkhldlhDdEwyNWFicm1LRVduZjJOSVE4dXg4RG5JcUciLCJtYWMiOiI2MDcxOWIxNmFjOGI3NzU4OGZmYTc3ZTg4YTdmNDVlZjUxZGUxYTU4YzUyMDkyNjQwYzQxOWIyOTYxMTJkMDUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkI4L2E5WnVuWmFWVVh4MUtQSjRUYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUU1IYjczSUZ4WUVhZyt5anVyMGQ0aDc3ZDlQTThTanNCRTZwRHBVeHJIOXNpcXJWYTVWZFowNFk" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFSMk1FcnRHYUVkWEYxdmNrT1JwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWJOTUY1dmNJeXJCd3ZXSW5peXlFaUVTd2hzWGxnNllzOVVSbVRWazVha0JHR3A1R1lUMXE1aDB1N1M4WE9lRjk2NDdQNXZjQXRoUThpNnhLenJLUFV0TCtSQTZWYkpXdmVzMzFuSkYwaFExRGVzZjBsbHJ3RVVaeFdPcm1wQkYiLCJtYWMiOiJhYTg2ZTBjYzk0NTQyYWU3ZDUyMTc2YjE2NWM5MzI1MGU0ZTY2Zjk0NzY3OWFmYTlkZjc5YjcxZTNkNDViNGUwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:35:07 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFSMk1FcnRHYUVkWEYxdmNrT1JwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWJOTUY1dmNJeXJCd3ZXSW5peXlFaUVTd2hzWGxnNllzOVVSbVRWazVha0JHR3A1R1lUMXE1aDB1N1M4WE9lRjk2NDdQN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkI4L2E5WnVuWmFWVVh4MUtQSjRUYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUU1IYjczSUZ4WUVhZyt5anVyMGQ0aDc3ZDlQTThTanNCRTZwRHBVeHJIOXNpcXJWYTVWZFowNFk3a0ZOYm9nOFZpNnpOWUJzemVlNEtYUjZJU2I3WjJGdVB6dUVHWnI4YkhldlhDdEwyNWFicm1LRVduZjJOSVE4dXg4RG5JcUciLCJtYWMiOiI2MDcxOWIxNmFjOGI3NzU4OGZmYTc3ZTg4YTdmNDVlZjUxZGUxYTU4YzUyMDkyNjQwYzQxOWIyOTYxMTJkMDUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkI4L2E5WnVuWmFWVVh4MUtQSjRUYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUU1IYjczSUZ4WUVhZyt5anVyMGQ0aDc3ZDlQTThTanNCRTZwRHBVeHJIOXNpcXJWYTVWZFowNFk" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "lDxPoMKBQUIJGMoyBmUmnSDE1OeWQBbF8FVTmC8c" "uc_cart_id" => "9bed9be7b31d054b8f03f7c0260826e0" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13988" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:35:07GET/chapter/13988112196