Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Myocardial Infarction

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 160-171 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010014

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Myocardial infarction occurred due to severe myocardial ischemia that leads to myocardial necrosis and cardiac remodeling results in the progression of heart failure. The clinical manifestations of the myocardial infarction include sweating, shortness of breath, abnormal heart beating, vomiting, weakness, nausea, fatigue, stress contribute to the development of myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular diseases are the cause of mortality and morbidity from worldwide countries. Cardiovascular disease incidence is expected to increase by 25 million by the year 2020. The progression of myocardial infarction is associated with various risk factors which include smoking, alcohol, high lipid levels; hypertension can likely increase the risk of myocardial infarction. Every year worldwide more than 3 million people are affected with myocardial infarction. The increasing incidence of myocardial infarction was high in males as compared with females. Previous research studies stated that patients with more than 45 years of age can develop the disease. Atherosclerosis is one of the major risk factors for the development of myocardial infarction. It is a chronic inflammatory condition of the endothelial cells, in which the T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages cells can thicken the endothelial cell layers which leads to the progression of atherosclerotic events. Chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, holter monitoring, coronary angiogram, and stress test is used to detect the severity of disease complications. The pharmacological management of myocardial infarction includes anticoagulants, thrombolytics and percutaneous coronary intervention that can lower the progression of disease complications.


Keywords: Coronary Angiogram, Echocardiogram, Hypertension, Myocardial Infarction, Thrombolytics.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316548017 and j.to_ip >=316548017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457189 and j.to_date >= 1740457189 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13987) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316548017 and j.to_ip >=316548017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457189 and j.to_date >= 1740457189 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13987) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316548017 and j.to_ip >=316548017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457189 and j.to_date >= 1740457189 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13987)
      730μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740457189 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740457189 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.55msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740457189
      • 4: 1740457189
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5f8415ec4ea5700e71c2876feedabbf8'
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        JSIT1JLVPMt1XTYhLa7f87BrpX4rJc6HawWiyfHP
        uc_cart_id
        5f8415ec4ea5700e71c2876feedabbf8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13987" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13987
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:19:49 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBTclJ3K1Jjek04ZkVCRmljOEJycWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXd6NWRhcG4yOXBSZENkaU9XcHkzVUFUQ1NoSTFQS1F0ZkcwUHFqYWl1V0RPaVRaLy9sQXZoTDExTmMvK0pGNWNkUXZpRDZ2YUFqSjJSQ213RGxmbVVPcDdjWVRzbmZOOEZOQU1rT2ttNmNqdGV4dVBKN0hrNkoyeDBpTjNnWmUiLCJtYWMiOiJhNDE3NTY0ZDE4YWVmYjZmYjAxNTRlYTBkNzg4Zjg3YzcxYTcwOTE5YWE0ZTdjYTNkYmY2N2MwZDk2MTZkMjFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:19:49 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBTclJ3K1Jjek04ZkVCRmljOEJycWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXd6NWRhcG4yOXBSZENkaU9XcHkzVUFUQ1NoSTFQS1F0ZkcwUHFqYWl1V0RPaVRaLy9sQXZoTDExTmMvK0pGNWNkUXZpR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBYZmxNUHl1SEs1bDRDTy9lVFVQZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFMaTIyRGdSWWJOZnBRSzIrZ0lDM2JpZjFpay80S0NLc29YTkhnbnlmMW5IbitQeFI0K1dqTUtUTjlUK2QvUlJZcFRvVm10YjEvakhjaER3b0pjRUVZdk9NbUxscWs4NlRyNm9RNTByS2RpQTh1YzI1c0Rvd0NuUjJlSXJKQ3IiLCJtYWMiOiIwYTU1OWY5MTExM2Y4NDZjMzI2YTQyZDMxMGNiNGVhNjFhNzQ0ZDljNWQxZDZmNDljZDYzYWQ0ZGNlOTI3MzE1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBYZmxNUHl1SEs1bDRDTy9lVFVQZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFMaTIyRGdSWWJOZnBRSzIrZ0lDM2JpZjFpay80S0NLc29YTkhnbnlmMW5IbitQeFI0K1dqTUt" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBTclJ3K1Jjek04ZkVCRmljOEJycWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXd6NWRhcG4yOXBSZENkaU9XcHkzVUFUQ1NoSTFQS1F0ZkcwUHFqYWl1V0RPaVRaLy9sQXZoTDExTmMvK0pGNWNkUXZpRDZ2YUFqSjJSQ213RGxmbVVPcDdjWVRzbmZOOEZOQU1rT2ttNmNqdGV4dVBKN0hrNkoyeDBpTjNnWmUiLCJtYWMiOiJhNDE3NTY0ZDE4YWVmYjZmYjAxNTRlYTBkNzg4Zjg3YzcxYTcwOTE5YWE0ZTdjYTNkYmY2N2MwZDk2MTZkMjFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:19:49 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBTclJ3K1Jjek04ZkVCRmljOEJycWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXd6NWRhcG4yOXBSZENkaU9XcHkzVUFUQ1NoSTFQS1F0ZkcwUHFqYWl1V0RPaVRaLy9sQXZoTDExTmMvK0pGNWNkUXZpR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBYZmxNUHl1SEs1bDRDTy9lVFVQZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFMaTIyRGdSWWJOZnBRSzIrZ0lDM2JpZjFpay80S0NLc29YTkhnbnlmMW5IbitQeFI0K1dqTUtUTjlUK2QvUlJZcFRvVm10YjEvakhjaER3b0pjRUVZdk9NbUxscWs4NlRyNm9RNTByS2RpQTh1YzI1c0Rvd0NuUjJlSXJKQ3IiLCJtYWMiOiIwYTU1OWY5MTExM2Y4NDZjMzI2YTQyZDMxMGNiNGVhNjFhNzQ0ZDljNWQxZDZmNDljZDYzYWQ0ZGNlOTI3MzE1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBYZmxNUHl1SEs1bDRDTy9lVFVQZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFMaTIyRGdSWWJOZnBRSzIrZ0lDM2JpZjFpay80S0NLc29YTkhnbnlmMW5IbitQeFI0K1dqTUt" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "JSIT1JLVPMt1XTYhLa7f87BrpX4rJc6HawWiyfHP" "uc_cart_id" => "5f8415ec4ea5700e71c2876feedabbf8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13987" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:19:49GET/chapter/13987112197