Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Heart Failure

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 124-145 (22)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Heart failure is a multifaceted disease in which the heart is unable to reach the metabolic demands of the body. The heart failure associated with complex risk factors which include Hypertension, increased salt intake, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease alcohol, smoking are the strong risk factors for the development of heart failure. The poor blood circulation lowers the blood pumping to the ventricles and reduces the contraction of the myocardial cells leads to increase the risk of heart failure. The clinical manifestations of heart failure include cough, pedal edema, palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, which can increase the risk of heart failure. The electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, treadmill test, coronary angiogram test can determine the severity of the cardiovascular disease. The medical management of heart failure includes prescribing diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, and digoxin improve the health status of the disease patients and also lowers the future occurrence of heart diseases.


Keywords: Beta Blockers, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Electrocardiogram, Heart Failure, Pedal Edema.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316524867 and j.to_ip >=316524867 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473570 and j.to_date >= 1740473570 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13985) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316524867 and j.to_ip >=316524867 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473570 and j.to_date >= 1740473570 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13985) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316524867 and j.to_ip >=316524867 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473570 and j.to_date >= 1740473570 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13985)
      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740473570 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740473570 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.45msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740473570
      • 4: 1740473570
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5f21255706f313c148eb5b6e82830ee2'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        1wK4c3Mt7fwUAMntqtiAToHhQNt2yxEvgUfnJkVw
        uc_cart_id
        5f21255706f313c148eb5b6e82830ee2
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13985" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13985
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjVmQlZaVXNjOExNNkZtTTBUbFdYWWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibG91b1R1YnJmSnllb1ArY0Y5TWREcjlNcjVLVTdCbWI3RlA4bExXRCs0ND0iLCJtYWMiOiJhYjE0NTRlYWJkNTJmNzUyNjBiNTNiNTQ3YTNiMDJlZjZmZjg3Y2NmYTJiZWMyODJjMzIzOTI1MGJhNGM1MWJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjVmQlZaVXNjOExNNkZtTTBUbFdYWWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibG91b1R1YnJmSnllb1ArY0Y5TWREcjlNcjVLVTdCbWI3RlA4bExXRCs0ND0iLCJtYWMiOiJhYjE0NTRlYWJkNTJm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 08:52:50 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im15QnUxbkh1ZERZbnVJK3dXSTMxclE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQzBzemc3eStoa2dRZXRGNEZhSHZmQnI1Z1ZUMTR5MlpQMUROL1FkMW5hR1ZTZ2tleSs2N1QzcWg4Z0dMSkVDVG0xRW9FNFFpbGp3YTEwYTBwSWdvdTdYejNOcFFJRkRQSUF4Qk9sVklNMW81ZzUzN0VFMzV3MWJGZ1ZSOVNubFMiLCJtYWMiOiI2M2M0ZTQ2ZTFkYjQyZDIwODE0OTRkYWNhNDM2NzNlMjdkYTFiMTk0ZmYyZWI5YWQyNWM3MzFjNmJjNjllYjdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 20:52:50 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im15QnUxbkh1ZERZbnVJK3dXSTMxclE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQzBzemc3eStoa2dRZXRGNEZhSHZmQnI1Z1ZUMTR5MlpQMUROL1FkMW5hR1ZTZ2tleSs2N1QzcWg4Z0dMSkVDVG0xRW9FN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQrNXpmbC9FbnhoVWdhYnNDcVhTRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3ZZQW16VkRpWnRGbUdsSlQ1d0JJdVpNMWtWNE5iOTRmZ0cwc3pEc1AycEI5Rzl1R0FWWW9ISldpcU1adkdrc0hrRisweng4YzVuaDB5b3FRUGEzUExVZlBPL0tMUVZKUDNIbkkrRW43dmo4MUUyaFFGUUhtTmZFckxBdEpFVmQiLCJtYWMiOiI2OTRkNjkzZjA3MDQ1ODY4MDFlNTkwOWJmY2M0ZjZkMzE5ZTIzY2IwYzlhMzI3YjQxMTlkMDBlNmRjMmY2MmJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQrNXpmbC9FbnhoVWdhYnNDcVhTRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3ZZQW16VkRpWnRGbUdsSlQ1d0JJdVpNMWtWNE5iOTRmZ0cwc3pEc1AycEI5Rzl1R0FWWW9ISld" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im15QnUxbkh1ZERZbnVJK3dXSTMxclE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQzBzemc3eStoa2dRZXRGNEZhSHZmQnI1Z1ZUMTR5MlpQMUROL1FkMW5hR1ZTZ2tleSs2N1QzcWg4Z0dMSkVDVG0xRW9FNFFpbGp3YTEwYTBwSWdvdTdYejNOcFFJRkRQSUF4Qk9sVklNMW81ZzUzN0VFMzV3MWJGZ1ZSOVNubFMiLCJtYWMiOiI2M2M0ZTQ2ZTFkYjQyZDIwODE0OTRkYWNhNDM2NzNlMjdkYTFiMTk0ZmYyZWI5YWQyNWM3MzFjNmJjNjllYjdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 20:52:50 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im15QnUxbkh1ZERZbnVJK3dXSTMxclE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQzBzemc3eStoa2dRZXRGNEZhSHZmQnI1Z1ZUMTR5MlpQMUROL1FkMW5hR1ZTZ2tleSs2N1QzcWg4Z0dMSkVDVG0xRW9FN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQrNXpmbC9FbnhoVWdhYnNDcVhTRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3ZZQW16VkRpWnRGbUdsSlQ1d0JJdVpNMWtWNE5iOTRmZ0cwc3pEc1AycEI5Rzl1R0FWWW9ISldpcU1adkdrc0hrRisweng4YzVuaDB5b3FRUGEzUExVZlBPL0tMUVZKUDNIbkkrRW43dmo4MUUyaFFGUUhtTmZFckxBdEpFVmQiLCJtYWMiOiI2OTRkNjkzZjA3MDQ1ODY4MDFlNTkwOWJmY2M0ZjZkMzE5ZTIzY2IwYzlhMzI3YjQxMTlkMDBlNmRjMmY2MmJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQrNXpmbC9FbnhoVWdhYnNDcVhTRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3ZZQW16VkRpWnRGbUdsSlQ1d0JJdVpNMWtWNE5iOTRmZ0cwc3pEc1AycEI5Rzl1R0FWWW9ISld" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "1wK4c3Mt7fwUAMntqtiAToHhQNt2yxEvgUfnJkVw" "uc_cart_id" => "5f21255706f313c148eb5b6e82830ee2" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13985" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:52:50GET/chapter/13985112198