Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Atherosclerosis

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 69-83 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a long-lasting inflammatory disease that is caused by the more accumulation of fatty materials in the arteries leads to create plaques in blood vessels. The risk factors for atherosclerosis include diabetes mellitus, alcohol, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and genetic abnormalities can increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications. The incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease per 1,000 patients was 98.25 in 2014 and 101.11 in 2015. Atherosclerosis major clinical manifestations include ischemic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease. The consumption of cholesterol free diet, regular health care visit, weight control, medication adherence, physical exercises, stress management and maintaining the controlled levels of the lipid, blood pressure, and glycemic levels could reduce the progression of cardiovascular events in the health care.


Keywords: Atherosclerosis, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Ischemic Heart Disease, Stroke.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472735 and j.to_date >= 1740472735 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13981) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472735 and j.to_date >= 1740472735 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13981) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472735 and j.to_date >= 1740472735 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13981)
      910μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740472735 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740472735 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      2.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740472735
      • 4: 1740472735
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='a71150d4d496400d633eaefa34ea10be'
      1.44msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        gUErUS0DlvMY0EtQi7QU93dsofN1LFdIjOp6TZqm
        uc_cart_id
        a71150d4d496400d633eaefa34ea10be
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13981" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13981
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InM2bmJYdkMrNklwSEM3QXd6VjZKT1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWDl2aXFlMUJpc2FWNnVlT0d6ZXVQcmV0aUZUd0M2T3BiVW5vaTlRYjVJST0iLCJtYWMiOiI3ODMxYjc2MWE4MTY5OWE1N2E0MDAzMzk3ZWIyZjhiNzBiYWMwNzA5ZmNkY2MxNGRiMmQwZTAzMzQ4YjE4ZDM0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InM2bmJYdkMrNklwSEM3QXd6VjZKT1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWDl2aXFlMUJpc2FWNnVlT0d6ZXVQcmV0aUZUd0M2T3BiVW5vaTlRYjVJST0iLCJtYWMiOiI3ODMxYjc2MWE4MTY5" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 08:38:55 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9jbGpZZWRJemFHWUFzalF1ZlJXSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic3dxMUtvM3BJY2xHYTEzNWJUdVlVRmNZZi9PZEI4WEd2NjZBY1l0cWxUa2hRaDAyT290bmFKWW1admZBMWFSU1BDT0FBMnNCdEY2UTk1R29jVXgyVkZQYTNTT1JZdStqVTM1dW9vaVRwUEJLMFo0VEExdUlLTXcyME51TDJ4NlciLCJtYWMiOiIzODRjODk2YTFhMzhlOWM3YmQ4ODUzNzY2OTU1M2IwZWU3MmY4ZmQ0MGJjNGZmYmM5MTQ4NmUwM2UwNDMxZjZlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 20:38:56 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9jbGpZZWRJemFHWUFzalF1ZlJXSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic3dxMUtvM3BJY2xHYTEzNWJUdVlVRmNZZi9PZEI4WEd2NjZBY1l0cWxUa2hRaDAyT290bmFKWW1admZBMWFSU1BDT0FBM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlpnQVU2TnlUazJaSmxXY0Q0Z2YzVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRldrNFFnbXQ1VzZlUGRudGQ5V05sRXNocjR5ZlREV2NDWDZQekRheUhCbHlHWnlEa1ZDUEE1aERGWERUajBuY2V4M3FBRXUrUmtDS05RMzE5Snc3dmtPV0dPL3pLWFdmVnZFS1JXUE5hMURpTzZid215UERqTitQTHYvb2lNZ0IiLCJtYWMiOiJlMTFkOTRhMjg4NDQ3NjVhOWY0NzBjZThjODk4NmNjZmQyMDNjNzhlMzI2NzA4NGRjZDNhOGZlY2FkZmEwMjJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlpnQVU2TnlUazJaSmxXY0Q0Z2YzVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRldrNFFnbXQ1VzZlUGRudGQ5V05sRXNocjR5ZlREV2NDWDZQekRheUhCbHlHWnlEa1ZDUEE1aER" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9jbGpZZWRJemFHWUFzalF1ZlJXSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic3dxMUtvM3BJY2xHYTEzNWJUdVlVRmNZZi9PZEI4WEd2NjZBY1l0cWxUa2hRaDAyT290bmFKWW1admZBMWFSU1BDT0FBMnNCdEY2UTk1R29jVXgyVkZQYTNTT1JZdStqVTM1dW9vaVRwUEJLMFo0VEExdUlLTXcyME51TDJ4NlciLCJtYWMiOiIzODRjODk2YTFhMzhlOWM3YmQ4ODUzNzY2OTU1M2IwZWU3MmY4ZmQ0MGJjNGZmYmM5MTQ4NmUwM2UwNDMxZjZlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 20:38:56 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9jbGpZZWRJemFHWUFzalF1ZlJXSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic3dxMUtvM3BJY2xHYTEzNWJUdVlVRmNZZi9PZEI4WEd2NjZBY1l0cWxUa2hRaDAyT290bmFKWW1admZBMWFSU1BDT0FBM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlpnQVU2TnlUazJaSmxXY0Q0Z2YzVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRldrNFFnbXQ1VzZlUGRudGQ5V05sRXNocjR5ZlREV2NDWDZQekRheUhCbHlHWnlEa1ZDUEE1aERGWERUajBuY2V4M3FBRXUrUmtDS05RMzE5Snc3dmtPV0dPL3pLWFdmVnZFS1JXUE5hMURpTzZid215UERqTitQTHYvb2lNZ0IiLCJtYWMiOiJlMTFkOTRhMjg4NDQ3NjVhOWY0NzBjZThjODk4NmNjZmQyMDNjNzhlMzI2NzA4NGRjZDNhOGZlY2FkZmEwMjJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlpnQVU2TnlUazJaSmxXY0Q0Z2YzVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRldrNFFnbXQ1VzZlUGRudGQ5V05sRXNocjR5ZlREV2NDWDZQekRheUhCbHlHWnlEa1ZDUEE1aER" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "gUErUS0DlvMY0EtQi7QU93dsofN1LFdIjOp6TZqm" "uc_cart_id" => "a71150d4d496400d633eaefa34ea10be" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13981" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:38:56GET/chapter/13981112197