Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Dyslipidemia

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 46-57 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Hyperlipidemia is one of the major risk factors for developing cardiovascular complications. The cardiovascular diseases connected with complex risk factors include diabetes, smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Cardiovascular disease is causing more deaths in developed and developing countries. Hyperlipidemia associated with high levels of fatty materials deposition in systemic circulation. Cholesterol is a waxy fat protein produced naturally in the liver, present in bloodstream as proteins called lipoproteins. Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in several fatty foods such as eggs, red meat, and cheese. The large amounts of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol deposits in the arterial walls cause narrowing of blood vessels that can increase the risk of serious cardiovascular complications. Dyslipidemia is categorized into primary and secondary types. It includes primary and secondary dyslipidemia. The primary dyslipidemia is noted to be inherited. Secondary dyslipidemia is an acquired condition and develops from obesity and diabetes. Patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia may have xanthomas which are deposits of cholesterol under the skin and also under the eyes. The commonly prescribed medications for the management of dyslipidemia include fibric acid derivatives, bile acid drugs, statins, nicotinic acid, and reduce the progression of dyslipidemia complications in health practice. Early identification of risk factors, diagnosis and cholesterol screening programmes can prevent the progression of the dyslipidemic burden among high cholesterol risk patients.


Keywords: Cholesterol, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Lipoproteins, Xanthomas.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472052 and j.to_date >= 1740472052 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13979) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472052 and j.to_date >= 1740472052 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13979) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472052 and j.to_date >= 1740472052 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13979)
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740472052 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740472052 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.86msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740472052
      • 4: 1740472052
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='bdc799a3d58dcd62501c3dd766be3d97'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        By2duuk0YHLtmO6Hk27LbvELhHH5tMx2R4D4RZR8
        uc_cart_id
        bdc799a3d58dcd62501c3dd766be3d97
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13979" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13979
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjFQMGVpbG9TZ1R3NmZGZEJhUzRqZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidWFScFNiZStuWFQwSmtNSWJCVzZqTmZDMUVydXdDOEpKZHl3bHRleGwzTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJhYmIyMTcyOWEyMDBiNmRmOTZmOWU2NDhkYjk5ZWU3ZjVlNWNlZjJmMzQxNjNjZDU4YmM3NmQ2MjEzZjY2NTFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjFQMGVpbG9TZ1R3NmZGZEJhUzRqZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidWFScFNiZStuWFQwSmtNSWJCVzZqTmZDMUVydXdDOEpKZHl3bHRleGwzTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJhYmIyMTcyOWEyMDBi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 08:27:32 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InVUN3NHc3JxRlI5dDRDdFdKdXg0T2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY25lL3c0U0RzTW9yZ3c2bkk2VGxmWkk3aVN2eUlrekh2STZaTHNhdXBKL2hkZHJrb2prYUJlTCtTUWlWcDR1MmREcERKVTBrbmZnY1RYYVNaMjR5Y3YxQ0o1Vy9jaTgwMkExOXJVWUNtWFlId1BPWVNUT2tQMGI2UFBxbG5FckMiLCJtYWMiOiJiYWY4YjljNTYwMzg5MzgwYWI4NTFlYjliZThhNGVmNjU2MTAyNjNlMjQ2ODU2OGVkMGZlNTdmNTY5NGFiZTY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 20:27:32 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InVUN3NHc3JxRlI5dDRDdFdKdXg0T2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY25lL3c0U0RzTW9yZ3c2bkk2VGxmWkk3aVN2eUlrekh2STZaTHNhdXBKL2hkZHJrb2prYUJlTCtTUWlWcDR1MmREcERKV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitWZ2ppaTFKbm5EZ0pucHBQa0dzMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWpNbEhURVNyM2g3VEUwdFdlUGFqakE3T0owOEtQQ3h2K0xpMXFoODR1K1R1QzE5ZkVQREFWTWZTU3UrWUNpbzlyZUluS3ZiSmxXZG1uWHpYOXdoajB6NzRKbjJ6SjYydXJoQ0d6TXFHd015VG1oZWE4ZndtYndFREJUUXFsRUoiLCJtYWMiOiJjMmU4YjAxOTJmZDAyODJiOTRjYWIxMjI1Yzg5YmRjNzIwMjQ4ZDVjMWU0NjJhNjBkZmVhMDMxM2ZmYWU5YWNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitWZ2ppaTFKbm5EZ0pucHBQa0dzMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWpNbEhURVNyM2g3VEUwdFdlUGFqakE3T0owOEtQQ3h2K0xpMXFoODR1K1R1QzE5ZkVQREFWTWZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InVUN3NHc3JxRlI5dDRDdFdKdXg0T2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY25lL3c0U0RzTW9yZ3c2bkk2VGxmWkk3aVN2eUlrekh2STZaTHNhdXBKL2hkZHJrb2prYUJlTCtTUWlWcDR1MmREcERKVTBrbmZnY1RYYVNaMjR5Y3YxQ0o1Vy9jaTgwMkExOXJVWUNtWFlId1BPWVNUT2tQMGI2UFBxbG5FckMiLCJtYWMiOiJiYWY4YjljNTYwMzg5MzgwYWI4NTFlYjliZThhNGVmNjU2MTAyNjNlMjQ2ODU2OGVkMGZlNTdmNTY5NGFiZTY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 20:27:32 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InVUN3NHc3JxRlI5dDRDdFdKdXg0T2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY25lL3c0U0RzTW9yZ3c2bkk2VGxmWkk3aVN2eUlrekh2STZaTHNhdXBKL2hkZHJrb2prYUJlTCtTUWlWcDR1MmREcERKV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitWZ2ppaTFKbm5EZ0pucHBQa0dzMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWpNbEhURVNyM2g3VEUwdFdlUGFqakE3T0owOEtQQ3h2K0xpMXFoODR1K1R1QzE5ZkVQREFWTWZTU3UrWUNpbzlyZUluS3ZiSmxXZG1uWHpYOXdoajB6NzRKbjJ6SjYydXJoQ0d6TXFHd015VG1oZWE4ZndtYndFREJUUXFsRUoiLCJtYWMiOiJjMmU4YjAxOTJmZDAyODJiOTRjYWIxMjI1Yzg5YmRjNzIwMjQ4ZDVjMWU0NjJhNjBkZmVhMDMxM2ZmYWU5YWNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitWZ2ppaTFKbm5EZ0pucHBQa0dzMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWpNbEhURVNyM2g3VEUwdFdlUGFqakE3T0owOEtQQ3h2K0xpMXFoODR1K1R1QzE5ZkVQREFWTWZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "By2duuk0YHLtmO6Hk27LbvELhHH5tMx2R4D4RZR8" "uc_cart_id" => "bdc799a3d58dcd62501c3dd766be3d97" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13979" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:27:32GET/chapter/13979112197