Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Heart Valve Disease

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 35-45 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Valvular heart disease occurs by the defects in tricuspid, aortic, mitral, pulmonary artery leads to develop heart valve abnormalities. Gender, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, alcohol, smoking and hypercholesterolemia can contribute to the progression of valvular heart disease. Previous research studies stated that one-third of elderly patients echocardiographic examination showed that the evidence of calcific aortic valve sclerosis. Patients with age more than 60 years suffer from the calcific aortic stenosis. It is more prevalent in western countries as compared with other cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. Previous research studies demonstrated that 40 million people are affected by the age group of 65 years in the 2010 year and expected to rise 55 million in 2020 and 72 million in 2030. Patients with clinical signs of aortic stenosis during the physical examination should undergo various other examinations like chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram useful for the detection of valvular heart disease risk at the early stages. Aortic valve replacement is used to lower the progression of aortic stenosis among high-risk patients.


Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Electrocardiogram, Hypercholesterolemia, Myocardial Infarction, Valvular Heart Disease.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457026 and j.to_date >= 1740457026 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13978) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457026 and j.to_date >= 1740457026 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13978) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457026 and j.to_date >= 1740457026 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13978)
      1.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740457026 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740457026 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.6msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740457026
      • 4: 1740457026
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='d489be8eeaedbf4f2990662bf5527d5c'
      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        If9d0J6vm075YxRpDRyBLkuCyOxz7c6xvJ7vJZfm
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13978" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        uc_cart_id
        d489be8eeaedbf4f2990662bf5527d5c
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13978
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:17:06GET/chapter/13978112197