Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Diagnostic Investigations for Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 25-34 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders of the cardiovascular system which include coronary heart disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, rheumatic heart disease, and stroke etc. Currently, cardiovascular diseases are causing 21.9 percent of total deaths globally and that will rise to 26.3 percent by 2030. The risk factors for cardiovascular disease include hypertension, stress, alcohol, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and obesity which highly impact the development of cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular disease diagnostic test includes electrocardiogram, echocardiography, MRI scan, CT scan, treadmill test, Doppler studies and coronary angiography tests which are vital for determining the severity of cardiovascular disease among diagnosed patients. Early detection of cardiovascular disease risk factors and regular cardiovascular disease risk screening modalities can lower the alarming incidences of cardiovascular diseases in health care settings.


Keywords: Coronary Angiography, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Echocardiography, Electrocardiogram, Hypertension, Treadmill Test.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456359 and j.to_date >= 1740456359 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13977) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456359 and j.to_date >= 1740456359 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13977) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456359 and j.to_date >= 1740456359 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13977)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740456359 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740456359 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740456359
      • 4: 1740456359
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='85f4d273c43e829d64f70763eb7123ae'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        NNhgxSAgK1S4sNnXeTbNynoSVc5f51Y3AKg9eyj5
        uc_cart_id
        85f4d273c43e829d64f70763eb7123ae
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13977" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13977
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IitVRi9hanZHSk12NmRzWDVleDU2MVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiay9KeXVRMGE1YW1vbE15c2RGQTJzeFF0VG14Wk4wUlJrc05kNlEvL3Y1az0iLCJtYWMiOiJiMTY5ODAwZmVjM2ZiMzFkOGUzNjMzZjQ1NDdmYjM2NzI4Yzg2ZDIwNjhkNzJkMmMyZjRlNzFhOWJlYzk0NmMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IitVRi9hanZHSk12NmRzWDVleDU2MVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiay9KeXVRMGE1YW1vbE15c2RGQTJzeFF0VG14Wk4wUlJrc05kNlEvL3Y1az0iLCJtYWMiOiJiMTY5ODAwZmVjM2Zi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:05:59 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imp6SWRnOXFsMEYrSmx1T0FZSU03U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEFxNTZ2RFJqU2toNjJnYmpia3l4dzhBN3IxazV0UTc0Yk9IRjhnZFZqbG00RFphOGRhQ3Z0QzZRamJWSkRCR1pQa3REQ0xxMTRLdlhKYmRxRmVVZC90YXdFaUVYZ2IzS004bjltRTkrOGhoUVg5MzlWTUxxVFZ1VUVzbDJ0d3MiLCJtYWMiOiIwYWRlYmRmZDk2MjMzYTU5YjYxNzViZDVhYzYwYmVjYzQzZjM2ZmRiMTNiOGI2ZjAxZjAwMmY3NzljNGYwZWMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:05:59 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imp6SWRnOXFsMEYrSmx1T0FZSU03U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEFxNTZ2RFJqU2toNjJnYmpia3l4dzhBN3IxazV0UTc0Yk9IRjhnZFZqbG00RFphOGRhQ3Z0QzZRamJWSkRCR1pQa3REQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFtajIrVVc4WjRJS242Q2VxcldHZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZExac3B4ZXlhNXhXVGdubE8xcjJZQ1M1elVJWmNVaVpaSXBObzZVcHdWZnlNOTY4NGtVaUprNUU2YmVJalBRVmdxUmpUeDZ4ZXI4Si90OFNZbjhNMTFRcmNSUDhQVWl1NldtSnd6RnlwWU5XWmljN0I3MHNTZllsSHQvaUtBY0UiLCJtYWMiOiI5MjAyZDI5ZDRkMGEzNDdlODI0NmRhZWQ0ZjUyYjQ5NTgyOTFmYjRhZTU1NDFmYTllY2FjZDgzMjcyNmJlNDNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFtajIrVVc4WjRJS242Q2VxcldHZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZExac3B4ZXlhNXhXVGdubE8xcjJZQ1M1elVJWmNVaVpaSXBObzZVcHdWZnlNOTY4NGtVaUprNUU" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imp6SWRnOXFsMEYrSmx1T0FZSU03U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEFxNTZ2RFJqU2toNjJnYmpia3l4dzhBN3IxazV0UTc0Yk9IRjhnZFZqbG00RFphOGRhQ3Z0QzZRamJWSkRCR1pQa3REQ0xxMTRLdlhKYmRxRmVVZC90YXdFaUVYZ2IzS004bjltRTkrOGhoUVg5MzlWTUxxVFZ1VUVzbDJ0d3MiLCJtYWMiOiIwYWRlYmRmZDk2MjMzYTU5YjYxNzViZDVhYzYwYmVjYzQzZjM2ZmRiMTNiOGI2ZjAxZjAwMmY3NzljNGYwZWMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:05:59 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imp6SWRnOXFsMEYrSmx1T0FZSU03U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEFxNTZ2RFJqU2toNjJnYmpia3l4dzhBN3IxazV0UTc0Yk9IRjhnZFZqbG00RFphOGRhQ3Z0QzZRamJWSkRCR1pQa3REQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFtajIrVVc4WjRJS242Q2VxcldHZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZExac3B4ZXlhNXhXVGdubE8xcjJZQ1M1elVJWmNVaVpaSXBObzZVcHdWZnlNOTY4NGtVaUprNUU2YmVJalBRVmdxUmpUeDZ4ZXI4Si90OFNZbjhNMTFRcmNSUDhQVWl1NldtSnd6RnlwWU5XWmljN0I3MHNTZllsSHQvaUtBY0UiLCJtYWMiOiI5MjAyZDI5ZDRkMGEzNDdlODI0NmRhZWQ0ZjUyYjQ5NTgyOTFmYjRhZTU1NDFmYTllY2FjZDgzMjcyNmJlNDNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFtajIrVVc4WjRJS242Q2VxcldHZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZExac3B4ZXlhNXhXVGdubE8xcjJZQ1M1elVJWmNVaVpaSXBObzZVcHdWZnlNOTY4NGtVaUprNUU" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "NNhgxSAgK1S4sNnXeTbNynoSVc5f51Y3AKg9eyj5" "uc_cart_id" => "85f4d273c43e829d64f70763eb7123ae" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13977" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:05:59GET/chapter/13977112199