Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Role of Biomarkers in Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 13-24 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases cause more deaths in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques cause thrombus formation in the blood vessels leads to impediment in the vascular lumen can create a complete blockage of the blood vessels which increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease. The biomarker is used to assess the biological process and pharmacological responses of the drugs to a targeted intervention. It is used to identify the disease progression burden among the affected population. The cardiovascular biomarkers include B-type natriuretic peptide, urinary NGAL, troponin, C-reactive protein, N-terminal prohormone BNP, myeloperoxidase, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, cytokine IL-37, troponin, fibrinogen, metalloproteinase-1, and cystatin C is used to predict the risk of progression of cardiovascular diseases.


Keywords: Biomarker, Cardiovascular Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Risk Prediction, Therapeutic Interventions.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221946642 and j.to_ip >=221946642 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459161 and j.to_date >= 1740459161 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13976) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221946642 and j.to_ip >=221946642 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459161 and j.to_date >= 1740459161 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13976) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221946642 and j.to_ip >=221946642 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459161 and j.to_date >= 1740459161 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13976)
      980μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740459161 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740459161 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      2.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740459161
      • 4: 1740459161
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='855c1d3278a5959325a435593032e2a6'
      1.56msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        gsOOqxDBmkOovpClsbDlAhgUfliix5T1aZXg2kFb
        uc_cart_id
        855c1d3278a5959325a435593032e2a6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13976" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13976
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkduQTRoZnFvL1EzZmo0ZFhlTi9ka3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVENpV2F0WWhURnpiNU9UWWpxUVp5TUlEbi8yNG44d2J4dllIV1FjYnBNTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJkYzgyNzRiMTA3OGJiMDYzZWJmMTkyMjZhZmIyZWZmNDliMzYxOWNmODhkOTU0YmMwZjY0NzhlN2ZlZmNmNThkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkduQTRoZnFvL1EzZmo0ZFhlTi9ka3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVENpV2F0WWhURnpiNU9UWWpxUVp5TUlEbi8yNG44d2J4dllIV1FjYnBNTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJkYzgyNzRiMTA3OGJi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:52:41 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFudGlRQnFMSGxnL3MzaG1vNWJseWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVXB3SWIzK2hKRTl6ZWpRdFlPWCt0NVBidkFPNVlhdjVPQXUrWmRHK01iRzg4MDBsb2J2VHIwa295VmtHLytMdUt2aDdWV3luL1BiNVBoZWpyMlVFVlJ5YjBFd0ZNejYxQ2kwS1lwb1k4UW1RTkZOdG01TWF1WlpiRmd3OStKRlUiLCJtYWMiOiJjYmRkOWM4OGM4YTkyNjA3NWYyYWY1ZDM3NmE3MjFmMGJlYmYyNTBlYTgzZTBmMjkwYzYxYTQ0ZWFmMzdmZTEzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:52:41 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFudGlRQnFMSGxnL3MzaG1vNWJseWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVXB3SWIzK2hKRTl6ZWpRdFlPWCt0NVBidkFPNVlhdjVPQXUrWmRHK01iRzg4MDBsb2J2VHIwa295VmtHLytMdUt2aDdWV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNJR2N3S1E1UUp5ZnBpZ3p2NGZ1YVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFg0OTFRMFFWdm9pUjZYS215cEhpSnh3YmkvVFd0K29GRlNnOU4rRDBWRnhHa3oyM0Z6dmMzUHJST1R0UU5TcStsNm5XMk5KVkNWRU4vSzZjenUxQnJVMHNHdERXV2VpdWswNGRka0R3R0xScHB2eGJ1Z2dzeU5OUHRQOUVsRm4iLCJtYWMiOiI3MmUwOWI1MDUyNzIyNzIyY2I3MDljN2UyMWEwZDQ1MjcxNDJmN2IxOWNlZWJlN2UzMDBhNjdhMDI3OWM0ZDY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNJR2N3S1E1UUp5ZnBpZ3p2NGZ1YVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFg0OTFRMFFWdm9pUjZYS215cEhpSnh3YmkvVFd0K29GRlNnOU4rRDBWRnhHa3oyM0Z6dmMzUHJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFudGlRQnFMSGxnL3MzaG1vNWJseWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVXB3SWIzK2hKRTl6ZWpRdFlPWCt0NVBidkFPNVlhdjVPQXUrWmRHK01iRzg4MDBsb2J2VHIwa295VmtHLytMdUt2aDdWV3luL1BiNVBoZWpyMlVFVlJ5YjBFd0ZNejYxQ2kwS1lwb1k4UW1RTkZOdG01TWF1WlpiRmd3OStKRlUiLCJtYWMiOiJjYmRkOWM4OGM4YTkyNjA3NWYyYWY1ZDM3NmE3MjFmMGJlYmYyNTBlYTgzZTBmMjkwYzYxYTQ0ZWFmMzdmZTEzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:52:41 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFudGlRQnFMSGxnL3MzaG1vNWJseWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVXB3SWIzK2hKRTl6ZWpRdFlPWCt0NVBidkFPNVlhdjVPQXUrWmRHK01iRzg4MDBsb2J2VHIwa295VmtHLytMdUt2aDdWV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNJR2N3S1E1UUp5ZnBpZ3p2NGZ1YVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFg0OTFRMFFWdm9pUjZYS215cEhpSnh3YmkvVFd0K29GRlNnOU4rRDBWRnhHa3oyM0Z6dmMzUHJST1R0UU5TcStsNm5XMk5KVkNWRU4vSzZjenUxQnJVMHNHdERXV2VpdWswNGRka0R3R0xScHB2eGJ1Z2dzeU5OUHRQOUVsRm4iLCJtYWMiOiI3MmUwOWI1MDUyNzIyNzIyY2I3MDljN2UyMWEwZDQ1MjcxNDJmN2IxOWNlZWJlN2UzMDBhNjdhMDI3OWM0ZDY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNJR2N3S1E1UUp5ZnBpZ3p2NGZ1YVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFg0OTFRMFFWdm9pUjZYS215cEhpSnh3YmkvVFd0K29GRlNnOU4rRDBWRnhHa3oyM0Z6dmMzUHJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "gsOOqxDBmkOovpClsbDlAhgUfliix5T1aZXg2kFb" "uc_cart_id" => "855c1d3278a5959325a435593032e2a6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13976" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:52:41GET/chapter/13976112197