Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications: A Textbook for Medical Students

Introduction to Heart Anatomy and Physiology

Author(s): A. Bharath Kumar and M.S. Umashankar

Pp: 1-12 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811468216120010002

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The cardiac system represents the heart and blood vessels. The blood is distributed to multiple organs present in the body. Capillaries are minute blood vessels, allow the gas exchange processes. Veins send blood to the heart from the capillaries. The heart is situated in the thorax, posterior to the sternum and superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart has four chambers, and two atria above and two ventricles below. The oxygenated blood moves to left portion of the heart and enters into the left atria and ventricle. The deoxygenated blood pumped into the right side of the heart and moves into the right ventricle and flows towards the lungs. The heart is covered with three protective layers which include an epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The cardiac physiological functions are controlled by a group of electrical impulses. The electrical impulse origin from the sinoatrial node and located on the top side of the right atrium. It causes atria muscle contractions and thereby sends blood into the ventricles. A cardiac cell demonstrated the electrical activity and transmits the cardiac impulses to the heart to maintain the normal heart beating and initiation of the cardiac cycle. The cardiac event causes the opening and closing of valves results in contraction and relaxation of cardiac chambers. The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole events, during the systole, ventricles contract and send blood to arteries and during diastole, the ventricle relaxes and collects blood from atria. The electrical activity of the heart originates from SA node and causes atria to initiate contraction of cardiac muscles and supply of blood into the ventricles.


Keywords: Cardiac Cells, Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Events, Cardiovascular System.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316145883 and j.to_ip >=316145883 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472923 and j.to_date >= 1740472923 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13975) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316145883 and j.to_ip >=316145883 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472923 and j.to_date >= 1740472923 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13975) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316145883 and j.to_ip >=316145883 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472923 and j.to_date >= 1740472923 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13975)
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2883 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740472923 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740472923 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2883
      • 3: 1740472923
      • 4: 1740472923
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='38b9dfc217a390277e7a7590c1e66764'
      2.01msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        O5wJlYCoEu6I0MkNddbcbMHk6LwI1S9N9As9vVYs
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13975" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        uc_cart_id
        38b9dfc217a390277e7a7590c1e66764
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13975
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:42:03GET/chapter/13975112196