Bacterial Diseases

Anthrax: A Bacillus Anthracis Infection

Author(s): Muhammad Imran Qadir and Sidra Zafar

Pp: 1-5 (5)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811473760120010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Anthrax is a bacterial disease and caused by the transfer of bacterial spores. B. anthracis is gram-positive, non-motile, and aerobic bacteria. There are 3 types of commonly caused anthrax: inhalational anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, and gastrointestinal anthrax; each with its signs and symptoms. In the old days, anthrax is diagnosed by clinical findings and by the exposure history to bacteria. In the laboratory, the Gram staining procedure, ELISA, screening, and serologic assays are used. Antimicrobial drugs are not given at once before the appearance of symptoms unless the evidence is found that the risk is present. Some antibiotics are also found to be effective against B. anthracis such as chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, rifampin, and other first-generation cephalosporins. Anthrax is not transmitted from one individual to another even in case of inhalational anthrax. However, standard precautions must be taken to avoid any risk.


Keywords: Anthrax, B. anthracis, Ciprofloxacin, Gram Staining Procedures.

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      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316522063 and j.to_ip >=316522063 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847615 and j.to_date >= 1739847615 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13915) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316522063 and j.to_ip >=316522063 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847615 and j.to_date >= 1739847615 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13915) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316522063 and j.to_ip >=316522063 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847615 and j.to_date >= 1739847615 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13915)
      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2880 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847615 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847615 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2880
      • 3: 1739847615
      • 4: 1739847615
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='06f9568df338d6ce5b7bb2e3790a85bb'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        1E70dZ20hSKqgfqwZqe4kYvHgaq1mkTnjVGN9huN
        uc_cart_id
        06f9568df338d6ce5b7bb2e3790a85bb
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13915" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13915
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImNDNUhqYVFCd2pFYW9Ka0ZhQXpLc3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTZ3eWsxbklmUlE1Q1BRZkhRdVFhcXdZYkhleDIvaUxvNEFWaWxQVXlML0ZCWks4YUd2cXN5bXpVVGxybjJKTSIsIm1hYyI6ImUzNmFkOTJhNDBjODMwODZmM2E5OGZmMTJiNDZhZjAyYTMwYzU2OTk1ODhhMTg2NDA3ZWM5ZDY5Y2Y3ODk5ZTAiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndXcVdkREU1YUw3dnVCN3ZFd3hMcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZmtncXNBQVoxTExoa2xxaFY3c2NKaXIwSy90dGFEcEM1ajZvd2tqMkt6ekRSajN0ZFZtblVaZzJ4NStSV3I4VXcyZzdOYjVrcFJnWHV4UXFSVE1jdVBTY04yZG1qUWRIaWpsL2hrNG1aYWxZKzBSUnBCMlpWYk84RjNaaGl5MjMiLCJtYWMiOiJmYjM3NDhmZjNiYTQ3NzJiNWMwZjFhMjQ3ZmNkNzU2NGExNTU2ODI5OWI1ZTgzOTJmMzM5MzJmMjRmMWJjZTY0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlZqdVVuMFVUZ3czclZ0OXI5NlNuL3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2dzZ093azJ0ODFNLzk1UzFpMFR1Mm0ybDB2cFM2NXYwbnRZZWNMSGphZHd0V0ErN2dPZjczaERHK1dGV0V6U3pOR0RweGdnZzNYQzE2MThOMGJrbmptdVl3c2FCV1pZd1JqK3RlRUpQdG5USVhUNDc2QlB0STFsN3ptcHNQRkYiLCJtYWMiOiJmYmU4OTRjYzFmMGJkZmFkMzExZGZkMmIyNmMxOGIxYTkwM2I3M2VkYjQyYTYwMTc5MjVlZWFmNWFiYTdlMTI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImNDNUhqYVFCd2pFYW9Ka0ZhQXpLc3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTZ3eWsxbklmUlE1Q1BRZkhRdVFhcXdZYkhleDIvaUxvNEFWaWxQVXlML0ZCWks4YUd2cXN5bXpVVGxybjJKTSIs" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "1E70dZ20hSKqgfqwZqe4kYvHgaq1mkTnjVGN9huN" "uc_cart_id" => "06f9568df338d6ce5b7bb2e3790a85bb" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13915" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:00:15GET/chapter/13915112196