Marine Ecology: Current and Future Developments

Volume: 2

Application of Marine Polymers for Seagrass Bed Restoration and Marine Ecosystem Services Preservation

Author(s): Minato Wakisaka * .

Pp: 22-29 (8)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811437250120020005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

An effective and simple technique for seagrass bed restoration is required since the area of seagrass bed, one of the most productive marine ecosystems in Japan, is decreasing. The physiology of the plant Zostera marina, in relation to seed germination, was investigated in detail. Optimal seed storage condition and pretreatment for breaking seed dormancy increased the seed germination rate. Planting of biodegradable gel-coated seeds for Zostera marina seagrass bed restoration was proposed.


Keywords: Seagrass bed restoration, Seed Germination, Zostera marina.

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      440μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
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      500μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59274385 and j.to_ip >=59274385 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834510 and j.to_date >= 1739834510 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13394) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59274385 and j.to_ip >=59274385 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834510 and j.to_date >= 1739834510 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13394) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59274385 and j.to_ip >=59274385 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834510 and j.to_date >= 1739834510 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13394)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2806 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834510 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834510 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2806
      • 3: 1739834510
      • 4: 1739834510
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='609c920ad6deac016362f96b24f7a975'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    3Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        Ng40yTUyPxW9JGHtgR5ZtGFasLUVyG8Om2a87djt
        uc_cart_id
        609c920ad6deac016362f96b24f7a975
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13394" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13394
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InczY2puMEl3Z2NSMUV3SnJiSHZ2ekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGdUbHpoMjNxQVdSbVpXNE9WVWllczAwVGlKSkRwQVBhOHg3ZUR0SmNBbz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1YjEyMWFmM2JjNTk1NTdkMjQ1YzczNzQ3M2YxNWJlMTY2YTYzOWEyN2NiYjFiOThlNzg2OGYxMDgzNjQ3YTFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InczY2puMEl3Z2NSMUV3SnJiSHZ2ekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGdUbHpoMjNxQVdSbVpXNE9WVWllczAwVGlKSkRwQVBhOHg3ZUR0SmNBbz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1YjEyMWFmM2JjNTk1" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:21:50 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkIwZjNRUzVJOXJsTG5ZWFltekFncUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEJwMDh5TXdhdGU2YVpUbjdoTDgreC8weUFnalp3YUNNUE5UalljajFyWVFVTFcvUjNsbDVieVJQcU12MDhHemVYK1dSQmFaMDhxUGZEV21pRkpEWEpzTGEzMFNlTlE0dDBndFUrRjJXM3B5OEhSd21nYzBBZWlCdzV2M1NPL3EiLCJtYWMiOiJkOGRlMjcwY2Q4NDFiMjQyMzU1M2JlMDMzMzZiMGQxNjVlYmVjNWI0YzczMTI5ZjFjOGU2OTQ5OTAwMGJlZjBjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:21:50 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkIwZjNRUzVJOXJsTG5ZWFltekFncUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEJwMDh5TXdhdGU2YVpUbjdoTDgreC8weUFnalp3YUNNUE5UalljajFyWVFVTFcvUjNsbDVieVJQcU12MDhHemVYK1dSQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjNIcVRRRjFRZFBKRCtDTFp0blh0VEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmZjd3VmN3p5dC9BQVU4cjdZaW43bGxhbjhabjBpdzgrWDdKcHUyYUl1NWtrM1c0SW9LUWdhWUpkOUNvOGtyQ1hlaklIRHZkNnFycHNraTVwc0dDaWE3MDZoRTNiL25FbmNYL3JFeldlZ2kwa3RMNFNEZ05VYjVUdnRpVVYxMGwiLCJtYWMiOiJkZTk5ZmJhOTJjM2IxNmM4M2MxNDE2MjA0MzczMmM4ZGQzZTA1ZDgyMWJhNDRmZjEyOTY2OTMwYTNjNjMxYjIxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjNIcVRRRjFRZFBKRCtDTFp0blh0VEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmZjd3VmN3p5dC9BQVU4cjdZaW43bGxhbjhabjBpdzgrWDdKcHUyYUl1NWtrM1c0SW9LUWdhWUp" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkIwZjNRUzVJOXJsTG5ZWFltekFncUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEJwMDh5TXdhdGU2YVpUbjdoTDgreC8weUFnalp3YUNNUE5UalljajFyWVFVTFcvUjNsbDVieVJQcU12MDhHemVYK1dSQmFaMDhxUGZEV21pRkpEWEpzTGEzMFNlTlE0dDBndFUrRjJXM3B5OEhSd21nYzBBZWlCdzV2M1NPL3EiLCJtYWMiOiJkOGRlMjcwY2Q4NDFiMjQyMzU1M2JlMDMzMzZiMGQxNjVlYmVjNWI0YzczMTI5ZjFjOGU2OTQ5OTAwMGJlZjBjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:21:50 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkIwZjNRUzVJOXJsTG5ZWFltekFncUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEJwMDh5TXdhdGU2YVpUbjdoTDgreC8weUFnalp3YUNNUE5UalljajFyWVFVTFcvUjNsbDVieVJQcU12MDhHemVYK1dSQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjNIcVRRRjFRZFBKRCtDTFp0blh0VEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmZjd3VmN3p5dC9BQVU4cjdZaW43bGxhbjhabjBpdzgrWDdKcHUyYUl1NWtrM1c0SW9LUWdhWUpkOUNvOGtyQ1hlaklIRHZkNnFycHNraTVwc0dDaWE3MDZoRTNiL25FbmNYL3JFeldlZ2kwa3RMNFNEZ05VYjVUdnRpVVYxMGwiLCJtYWMiOiJkZTk5ZmJhOTJjM2IxNmM4M2MxNDE2MjA0MzczMmM4ZGQzZTA1ZDgyMWJhNDRmZjEyOTY2OTMwYTNjNjMxYjIxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjNIcVRRRjFRZFBKRCtDTFp0blh0VEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmZjd3VmN3p5dC9BQVU4cjdZaW43bGxhbjhabjBpdzgrWDdKcHUyYUl1NWtrM1c0SW9LUWdhWUp" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "Ng40yTUyPxW9JGHtgR5ZtGFasLUVyG8Om2a87djt" "uc_cart_id" => "609c920ad6deac016362f96b24f7a975" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13394" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:21:50GET/chapter/13394112195