Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry

Volume: 5

Overview of Past and Present Developments Towards Biotechnological and Molecular Approaches to Improve Taxol Production

Author(s): Samavia Mubeen, Chun-Tao He, Bilal Ahmad Asad and Zhong-Yi Yang

Pp: 95-145 (51)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811423772119050006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Taxol (paclitaxel) is one of the most used chemotherapeutic drugs, first isolated from Pacific yew tree T. brevifolia. It is used for several cancer treatments due to its unique mechanism of action. The demand for taxol supply was exceeded significantly due to its low accumulation in Taxus sp., slow growth of the tree and high cost of extraction. Due to these reasons, considerable efforts have been carried out to explore the alternative sources, including plants other than Taxus sp., total and semisynthesis of taxol, plant cell culture technology, and endophytic fungi. The biosynthesis of taxol is a complex pathway and several genes associated with taxol biosynthesis are identified and cloned. Transcriptomic studies of the critical genes involved in taxol biosynthesis pathway provided valuable insight in gene regulation patterns about metabolite synthesis. Also, recent advances in metabolic engineering have demonstrated the potential of genes regulation to increase taxol production. This chapter provides a more in-depth insight into basic and applied research to increase taxol production.


Keywords: Biosynthetic pathway, Cancer treatment, Metabolic engineering, Natural products, Secondary metabolites, Taxol, Taxus, Taxol production, Taxanes, Taxol toxicity.

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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316642695 and j.to_ip >=316642695 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847364 and j.to_date >= 1739847364 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13258) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316642695 and j.to_ip >=316642695 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847364 and j.to_date >= 1739847364 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13258) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316642695 and j.to_ip >=316642695 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847364 and j.to_date >= 1739847364 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13258)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2683 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847364 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847364 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2683
      • 3: 1739847364
      • 4: 1739847364
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='48c816c31d3264b94c41ecb78841fd65'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        NVS1RGqSbtrJA9jLGP1jepMok3182h0Ox2lmItph
        uc_cart_id
        48c816c31d3264b94c41ecb78841fd65
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13258" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13258
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImpON3JEdXJLVkRwL0JydjVSQ3VxaHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQlUvVlcxV1FwTnp1NUo3MkdvSFlpd0NVUmhuRjNLMllWbGlNZm02NTNLND0iLCJtYWMiOiIyY2Q4YTY4YWZlMzkzMDM4ZTM4MzYxZjE0YjU0YzhmZjMyYTFmZTMxNzZhYTVlNTA4NzgzZmM0MWZmN2MwYzllIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImpON3JEdXJLVkRwL0JydjVSQ3VxaHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQlUvVlcxV1FwTnp1NUo3MkdvSFlpd0NVUmhuRjNLMllWbGlNZm02NTNLND0iLCJtYWMiOiIyY2Q4YTY4YWZlMzkz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:56:04 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxwK1hBYitwNWRIa1hDbjRKQ0RvYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaU1EeUNJVDVSRVlDN0VvSnVMcHJtbmlyaGFkeVNYQUMzK1NFTVMxL09QdEJBTlZSMTVuTHhodTA0L2ZscUVMamhtc2crQXNNcm1KYXBqVS9IbGswamxrWVBCQXhQRTczaE9vQ0xwSDhtN21YZU41UENlUlY0ZnplWGYybEExaUQiLCJtYWMiOiJjYjE5NmVmYmZjMmUyZGMwNmJiMTNiMjkyZWFkMmZmZDdjMGNjN2RmYTIxMWFhNDFhNTg5NWRmNGVkMzJkMWVjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:56:04 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxwK1hBYitwNWRIa1hDbjRKQ0RvYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaU1EeUNJVDVSRVlDN0VvSnVMcHJtbmlyaGFkeVNYQUMzK1NFTVMxL09QdEJBTlZSMTVuTHhodTA0L2ZscUVMamhtc2crQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjZ0bnZMSmc2SzVaYW1Xd0hOanQxeFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNStxeHJOWnVrd2Vqd3dCbnpIR3dnWlpSa25uc3A1a2N0RkhvdUhKSkxsWW1tS0REY3hXRXlLVG9kQmRQY1dLSWdwdWUveXFRdVhGWitYUDZYRTl4NS8zbGZPVVVQRDQrSkpuQ0daZ29OeExVM3JTMHE0eCs3SlgwUzZDUGhLZkMiLCJtYWMiOiJhNTBkM2NkYmI3NTU2M2VjNjdkNDBmZWQyYmQwZGFmZDJiMjk5ZmI3ZDJkMjkxYTg2NjBhYTVmM2IyZTU4OTM1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjZ0bnZMSmc2SzVaYW1Xd0hOanQxeFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNStxeHJOWnVrd2Vqd3dCbnpIR3dnWlpSa25uc3A1a2N0RkhvdUhKSkxsWW1tS0REY3hXRXlLVG9" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxwK1hBYitwNWRIa1hDbjRKQ0RvYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaU1EeUNJVDVSRVlDN0VvSnVMcHJtbmlyaGFkeVNYQUMzK1NFTVMxL09QdEJBTlZSMTVuTHhodTA0L2ZscUVMamhtc2crQXNNcm1KYXBqVS9IbGswamxrWVBCQXhQRTczaE9vQ0xwSDhtN21YZU41UENlUlY0ZnplWGYybEExaUQiLCJtYWMiOiJjYjE5NmVmYmZjMmUyZGMwNmJiMTNiMjkyZWFkMmZmZDdjMGNjN2RmYTIxMWFhNDFhNTg5NWRmNGVkMzJkMWVjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:56:04 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxwK1hBYitwNWRIa1hDbjRKQ0RvYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaU1EeUNJVDVSRVlDN0VvSnVMcHJtbmlyaGFkeVNYQUMzK1NFTVMxL09QdEJBTlZSMTVuTHhodTA0L2ZscUVMamhtc2crQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjZ0bnZMSmc2SzVaYW1Xd0hOanQxeFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNStxeHJOWnVrd2Vqd3dCbnpIR3dnWlpSa25uc3A1a2N0RkhvdUhKSkxsWW1tS0REY3hXRXlLVG9kQmRQY1dLSWdwdWUveXFRdVhGWitYUDZYRTl4NS8zbGZPVVVQRDQrSkpuQ0daZ29OeExVM3JTMHE0eCs3SlgwUzZDUGhLZkMiLCJtYWMiOiJhNTBkM2NkYmI3NTU2M2VjNjdkNDBmZWQyYmQwZGFmZDJiMjk5ZmI3ZDJkMjkxYTg2NjBhYTVmM2IyZTU4OTM1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjZ0bnZMSmc2SzVaYW1Xd0hOanQxeFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNStxeHJOWnVrd2Vqd3dCbnpIR3dnWlpSa25uc3A1a2N0RkhvdUhKSkxsWW1tS0REY3hXRXlLVG9" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "NVS1RGqSbtrJA9jLGP1jepMok3182h0Ox2lmItph" "uc_cart_id" => "48c816c31d3264b94c41ecb78841fd65" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13258" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:56:04GET/chapter/132581121912