Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Expanded Stem Cell Applications in Orthopaedics

Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate in Nerve and Spinal Cord Injury

Author(s): Asser A. Sallam, Mohamed A. Imam and Ali Narvani

Pp: 80-89 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086491118010014

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Nerve injuries either peripheral or central are extremely frequent in clinical practice. The impairment of sensory and motor functions may have distressing effects on the social and professional activities of these patients, most of whom are young and may acquire life-long disabilities. The extent of disability and patient suffering after Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI), as well as the high cost of care, continues to motivate research into effective interventions. Nerve surgery is aimed at motor and sensory reinnervation, but often a deficit in the functionality remains. As cell therapy and tissue engineering have been receiving a great deal of attention in recent decades, and are widely used in different areas, Therefore, the utilization of bone marrow aspirate concentrate in peripheral nerve repair techniques as well as after spinal cord injury is tried in order to optimize the regeneration process. In this chapter, we will discuss the evidence in the literature regarding the clinical and experimental application of bone marrow aspirate concentrate as a major source of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries.


Keywords: Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC), Expanded stem cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), Nerve Injury, Spinal cord injury, Spinal cord transection.

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      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59143663 and j.to_ip >=59143663 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473579 and j.to_date >= 1740473579 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12282) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59143663 and j.to_ip >=59143663 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473579 and j.to_date >= 1740473579 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12282) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59143663 and j.to_ip >=59143663 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740473579 and j.to_date >= 1740473579 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12282)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2461 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740473579 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740473579 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2461
      • 3: 1740473579
      • 4: 1740473579
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9464d40b97ba715a2e98219283e23916'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        ujGu5YmxYzYK5rLGu4lZtNPqDA34oyNwDAmC7pWO
        uc_cart_id
        9464d40b97ba715a2e98219283e23916
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12282" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12282
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkltaGt5dWhwbUVJSUkzUm90TFVMb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMTR1M2xSeFNpVE9nN2ZDU3N6Vy90VGw2NmlTYjM1dkxhYlVnWnJKUDFCUT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyMTNmYjQ3YzVmZWU2OGQ2OTQ3Mzc1ZWVlZGRiNmZjZjliMmE2NDg1MTc3MjJjZDI4NjUyY2JiZDQwMzRjNGQ5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkltaGt5dWhwbUVJSUkzUm90TFVMb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMTR1M2xSeFNpVE9nN2ZDU3N6Vy90VGw2NmlTYjM1dkxhYlVnWnJKUDFCUT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyMTNmYjQ3YzVmZWU2" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 08:52:59 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IitxNDBReHM4cGxkaXdnZ0JkSGtyakE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3haSDFTUVVHTjZpUVVuU3dwSlhhaU5DeWcxY01xOEdCdTIwc2R1OW5VTjZWZXQ5N0IvQ1RRRkRyQXdGcEN6RUN0R2tNeitMd2JjdU5BYU1CekJmamxzczJic01qZm9aamlUMDNxUU1mYW1TcDQ2K3Z4Z2p1Yld3Wk1MRHArRjUiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZDY1NWE2MTAwMjk4MTgxZDI1ZDQ4ZWNhODI5MTExMWRmOTdmNjlhZjFlODgxYTJhMWYxNjBjYzIxYTkyMmIxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 20:52:59 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IitxNDBReHM4cGxkaXdnZ0JkSGtyakE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3haSDFTUVVHTjZpUVVuU3dwSlhhaU5DeWcxY01xOEdCdTIwc2R1OW5VTjZWZXQ5N0IvQ1RRRkRyQXdGcEN6RUN0R2tNe" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZPeWZVU29RaUE0QVNwb0ZTaHBXSFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmZUNGtOY0JEZXlHQU1xbENoUHBVR3ZZSUcwSTMrOXA4RjNjR1YwUVhkSzRKa1FHRThTTU9ISFZCa25HdS9IVmR1cHlHbFRpcUh4bTRvV3ZUaU9FV25lQXl4TUJ3VDJXTUVidXc0cU1ndTNCU1BDMkJkc0FKWHczQUx2czdzdVAiLCJtYWMiOiI1MWY2ZGU0YzI1ZjFiZWEyY2E4YTNkMGU4OTNiNjI1NTQ4YWJiOTkzODA1ZDQwODg1ODQ3ODUwYThlZDI5NGMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZPeWZVU29RaUE0QVNwb0ZTaHBXSFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmZUNGtOY0JEZXlHQU1xbENoUHBVR3ZZSUcwSTMrOXA4RjNjR1YwUVhkSzRKa1FHRThTTU9ISFZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IitxNDBReHM4cGxkaXdnZ0JkSGtyakE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3haSDFTUVVHTjZpUVVuU3dwSlhhaU5DeWcxY01xOEdCdTIwc2R1OW5VTjZWZXQ5N0IvQ1RRRkRyQXdGcEN6RUN0R2tNeitMd2JjdU5BYU1CekJmamxzczJic01qZm9aamlUMDNxUU1mYW1TcDQ2K3Z4Z2p1Yld3Wk1MRHArRjUiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZDY1NWE2MTAwMjk4MTgxZDI1ZDQ4ZWNhODI5MTExMWRmOTdmNjlhZjFlODgxYTJhMWYxNjBjYzIxYTkyMmIxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 20:52:59 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IitxNDBReHM4cGxkaXdnZ0JkSGtyakE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3haSDFTUVVHTjZpUVVuU3dwSlhhaU5DeWcxY01xOEdCdTIwc2R1OW5VTjZWZXQ5N0IvQ1RRRkRyQXdGcEN6RUN0R2tNe" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZPeWZVU29RaUE0QVNwb0ZTaHBXSFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmZUNGtOY0JEZXlHQU1xbENoUHBVR3ZZSUcwSTMrOXA4RjNjR1YwUVhkSzRKa1FHRThTTU9ISFZCa25HdS9IVmR1cHlHbFRpcUh4bTRvV3ZUaU9FV25lQXl4TUJ3VDJXTUVidXc0cU1ndTNCU1BDMkJkc0FKWHczQUx2czdzdVAiLCJtYWMiOiI1MWY2ZGU0YzI1ZjFiZWEyY2E4YTNkMGU4OTNiNjI1NTQ4YWJiOTkzODA1ZDQwODg1ODQ3ODUwYThlZDI5NGMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZPeWZVU29RaUE0QVNwb0ZTaHBXSFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYmZUNGtOY0JEZXlHQU1xbENoUHBVR3ZZSUcwSTMrOXA4RjNjR1YwUVhkSzRKa1FHRThTTU9ISFZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "ujGu5YmxYzYK5rLGu4lZtNPqDA34oyNwDAmC7pWO" "uc_cart_id" => "9464d40b97ba715a2e98219283e23916" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12282" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:52:59GET/chapter/12282112198