Melanin, the Master Molecule

The Cell Bioenergetics Pathways Beyond Glucose and Mitochondria and the Intrinsic Chemistry of Melanin

Author(s): Arturo Solís Herrera, María del Carmen Arias Esparza, Ruth I. Solís Arias, Paola E. Solís Arias and Martha P. Solís Arias

Pp: 51-73 (23)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086538118010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

What if glucose was not a source of energy? Glucose is a very important metabolic intermediate and has a fundamental structural role. The function of the saccharides as source of biomass by excellence in our body is out of discussion, but not more than a source of energy. The unraveling of the intrinsic property of melanin to transform light energy into chemical energy through dissociation of water molecule radically changes our old belief that our body is able to obtain biomass and energy from the same molecule. A proof that our body and evolution has handled glucose (carbon chains) from the beginning of time can be found in the fact that the surfaces of all cells in all organisms are decorated with a dense and complex array of sugar chains. The biosynthesis, structure and function of glycans not only in the present but also throughout the evolution depend entirely on adequate levels of available chemical energy, so each and every single transformation that occurs in the glucose molecule can be carried out. Therefore, the form and function of living organisms are mainly determined by the distribution of energy, and in the same way also determines the geometry of the universe.


Keywords: Energy, Glucose, Glycobiology, Hydrogen, Melanin, Oxygen, Photosynthesis.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497793 and j.to_date >= 1740497793 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12229) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497793 and j.to_date >= 1740497793 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12229) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497793 and j.to_date >= 1740497793 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12229)
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2458 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497793 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497793 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2458
      • 3: 1740497793
      • 4: 1740497793
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6711cd0e8a4faf83007985d78cc182fd'
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        zU8PXG88IbtPdr3p7HO12mTOv8SQYx39HXsved0S
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12229" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        uc_cart_id
        6711cd0e8a4faf83007985d78cc182fd
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12229
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "zU8PXG88IbtPdr3p7HO12mTOv8SQYx39HXsved0S" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12229" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "uc_cart_id" => "6711cd0e8a4faf83007985d78cc182fd" "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:36:33GET/chapter/12229112199