Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery

Volume: 7

The Infections and Hydrogen Sulfide

Author(s): Ravinder R. Gaddam, Piyush Jha and Madhav Bhatia

Pp: 261-272 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681085623118070009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

There is a growing interest in “medical gases” for their role in infection. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a physiological gaseous mediator that has been recognized as an important signalling molecule to regulate infections. The role of H2S in different infections such as viruses (paramyxoviruses), bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), mycoplasma (Mycoplasma fermentans) and fungi (Aspergillus niger) as well as in conditions like sepsis and malaria and in antibiotic resistance is being actively investigated because of its therapeutic potential. As we do not have definitive therapeutic agents such as antimicrobials or vaccines against many pathogenic agents, the immuno-regulatory and microbial properties of H2S make it an ideal candidate for the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying H2S-mediated regulation of different infectious diseases would help in developing H2S-based drugs as therapeutic molecules. A description of recent understanding of H2S role in different infections is presented in this chapter.


Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Hydrogen sulfide, Infection, Malaria, Sepsis.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314549955 and j.to_ip >=314549955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459678 and j.to_date >= 1740459678 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12198) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314549955 and j.to_ip >=314549955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459678 and j.to_date >= 1740459678 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12198) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314549955 and j.to_ip >=314549955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459678 and j.to_date >= 1740459678 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12198)
      1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2455 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740459678 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740459678 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.6msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2455
      • 3: 1740459678
      • 4: 1740459678
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5f6c2fb5619b421c794266c8c73671d8'
      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        GmqPF5fmbVAwNDTGch6B2qEr190AgHfn9XkflZsX
        uc_cart_id
        5f6c2fb5619b421c794266c8c73671d8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12198" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12198
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImtDZjkxdzRqdG16MkY5bXBQUjhqalE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmMrU1p2VUxnLzFmU0JzYkM1UHA1QkpNeWpic3FsM0R4cmlCMk5teCtCdz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyOTdiN2ZlZDk1NDFjMzVhZGU4MzEyZGUyMmM5Mzg5OGRlZjM2NTA0ODE4ODI5MjNhZjJlNGNkMTBlYmRjNzY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImtDZjkxdzRqdG16MkY5bXBQUjhqalE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmMrU1p2VUxnLzFmU0JzYkM1UHA1QkpNeWpic3FsM0R4cmlCMk5teCtCdz0iLCJtYWMiOiIyOTdiN2ZlZDk1NDFj" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 05:01:18 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5XUTBSY3I1UWFwVTB5cmtka1dyREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFBIV0F0aUhGYWdpKzM0RVJsSUk3RERpVVZzMlBBbklTajFQeDhZQ0xtd093OWtkY0w0RXpGd09KOGdoSXRQMTFuVGIzOUFLYUVhcmEwRlRuTHhucVptYWtKSnhkcmJWaE5WQTN3bHd0RkE0VkQ2Ykt3NmNDcWpXTWVkWXM5MTgiLCJtYWMiOiI2NzQzZGFhZWVmN2UzNmE4ZWE0NjcxZWI5MmQzZTZjZjE4ODgxY2FjYWQ4NTlhNTNmYjA0N2MwMjRlMDkxNWQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:01:18 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5XUTBSY3I1UWFwVTB5cmtka1dyREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFBIV0F0aUhGYWdpKzM0RVJsSUk3RERpVVZzMlBBbklTajFQeDhZQ0xtd093OWtkY0w0RXpGd09KOGdoSXRQMTFuVGIzO" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhVSm9oaUQwVFZTU1FDWHNTZ0YybVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3NTd0Fzd253YjUzemVVVUdHM0xXSGMyclgzdFh2NERLUFlnci9JVmJFKzZEOHZSTkxDbU5DS1JpdmhoYVQ0bmVFdkJyUW9uclFadklTdFhwQWdsekkvVkkraDYyU1M1QitEbHBzRzNWTWZFYkV5Q2NuSm02WDJTc3lDS3BJQ0wiLCJtYWMiOiIxNDU3MmVhOTlkMDBjNDM4MDNiNjRmOTEwYjkwZWJjMjI2MGQ4NThlYjYxMmY2MjQ0MTc4ZWFjM2ZkYzQ4Y2ViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhVSm9oaUQwVFZTU1FDWHNTZ0YybVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3NTd0Fzd253YjUzemVVVUdHM0xXSGMyclgzdFh2NERLUFlnci9JVmJFKzZEOHZSTkxDbU5DS1J" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5XUTBSY3I1UWFwVTB5cmtka1dyREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFBIV0F0aUhGYWdpKzM0RVJsSUk3RERpVVZzMlBBbklTajFQeDhZQ0xtd093OWtkY0w0RXpGd09KOGdoSXRQMTFuVGIzOUFLYUVhcmEwRlRuTHhucVptYWtKSnhkcmJWaE5WQTN3bHd0RkE0VkQ2Ykt3NmNDcWpXTWVkWXM5MTgiLCJtYWMiOiI2NzQzZGFhZWVmN2UzNmE4ZWE0NjcxZWI5MmQzZTZjZjE4ODgxY2FjYWQ4NTlhNTNmYjA0N2MwMjRlMDkxNWQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 17:01:18 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5XUTBSY3I1UWFwVTB5cmtka1dyREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFBIV0F0aUhGYWdpKzM0RVJsSUk3RERpVVZzMlBBbklTajFQeDhZQ0xtd093OWtkY0w0RXpGd09KOGdoSXRQMTFuVGIzO" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhVSm9oaUQwVFZTU1FDWHNTZ0YybVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3NTd0Fzd253YjUzemVVVUdHM0xXSGMyclgzdFh2NERLUFlnci9JVmJFKzZEOHZSTkxDbU5DS1JpdmhoYVQ0bmVFdkJyUW9uclFadklTdFhwQWdsekkvVkkraDYyU1M1QitEbHBzRzNWTWZFYkV5Q2NuSm02WDJTc3lDS3BJQ0wiLCJtYWMiOiIxNDU3MmVhOTlkMDBjNDM4MDNiNjRmOTEwYjkwZWJjMjI2MGQ4NThlYjYxMmY2MjQ0MTc4ZWFjM2ZkYzQ4Y2ViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhVSm9oaUQwVFZTU1FDWHNTZ0YybVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3NTd0Fzd253YjUzemVVVUdHM0xXSGMyclgzdFh2NERLUFlnci9JVmJFKzZEOHZSTkxDbU5DS1J" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "GmqPF5fmbVAwNDTGch6B2qEr190AgHfn9XkflZsX" "uc_cart_id" => "5f6c2fb5619b421c794266c8c73671d8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12198" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 05:01:18GET/chapter/12198112197