Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery

Volume: 7

Nucleic Acid Aptamers Against Virulence Factors of Drug Resistant Pathogens

Author(s): Canan Ozyurt, Ozge Ugurlu, Burhan Bora and Serap Evran

Pp: 223-248 (26)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681085623118070007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules, which can bind their targets with high affinity and specificity. SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) is the technology that allows to select aptamers from a random oligonucleotide library. Binding properties of aptamers are comparable to those of antibodies. But, unlike antibodies, aptamer production is a more rapid and less expensive process. One remarkable application is aptamer-based biosensors for specific and sensitive detection of bacterial toxins. In addition, a few aptamers have been shown to inhibit pathogens by blocking the activity of virulence factors. The chapter mainly covers aptamers that target virulence factors, rather than pathogen cells. First, general methodology for selection of aptamers is described. Then, aptamers developed against toxins, protein virulence factors and quorum sensing molecules are reviewed. In addition, chemical modification strategies to improve drug potential of aptamers are addressed. Although aptamers are excellent antimicrobial drug candidates, there are only a few studies that describe functional cell-based assays and potential therapeutic use. In this chapter, analytical applications of aptamers, as well as limited studies on their antimicrobial effect are reviewed.


Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Antibacterial aptamers, Aptamers, In vitro selection, Modified aptamers, Multi-drug resistant pathogens, SELEX, Therapeutic aptamers, Virulence factors.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51716822 and j.to_ip >=51716822 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456359 and j.to_date >= 1740456359 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12196) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51716822 and j.to_ip >=51716822 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456359 and j.to_date >= 1740456359 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12196) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51716822 and j.to_ip >=51716822 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740456359 and j.to_date >= 1740456359 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12196)
      750μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2455 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740456359 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740456359 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.51msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2455
      • 3: 1740456359
      • 4: 1740456359
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='cd09109dff5fc1791844d022d2920925'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    9Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        O2jvxKy0t9W38pYSbaoLlpgbYswivpdCL7ZswhWf
        uc_cart_id
        cd09109dff5fc1791844d022d2920925
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12196" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12196
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik9GZFpkOFk0VnNrblcvMkVER2JSekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaTA2UENkWXBUNVhxNHZjK0NLUlp5SElKNDhJanZsUWxUS0R4ZkVlOTFEOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNWY4NTIwNTAzNzk0MTI1MzhlOTAzZGIyNzgwMzNjMWJiMjM3ZTcxYzcyOTQwMDRkMjJlYzI0ZjkzMjZkMmFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik9GZFpkOFk0VnNrblcvMkVER2JSekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaTA2UENkWXBUNVhxNHZjK0NLUlp5SElKNDhJanZsUWxUS0R4ZkVlOTFEOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNWY4NTIwNTAzNzk0" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:05:59 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlgyMjcxOTkzbmtrU0xad2NhMXdYQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2hGYnk4RVpuK3dwWXJpaHhYcGtrM1dCLzU2TXlwTkhoY3dRQWYrbjcxTGtvdlplR2lvZEg2ektobUtybUY1YVdSUThkR0xkejJ1azNnUGsxN3RFMVNCVURpa1llUitoRVY2UkdVUjRxSjhZODMwOE9EV3l3dDBOMVE1TWdCNlAiLCJtYWMiOiIxOWYxZGQzNDNlNmUxMTk4YjA2NTM5YTg5NWM1ODc4N2JmYTllZGY1NTU1OWUzYTk1OTg0M2MzNjhkYjkzNDQ0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:05:59 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlgyMjcxOTkzbmtrU0xad2NhMXdYQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2hGYnk4RVpuK3dwWXJpaHhYcGtrM1dCLzU2TXlwTkhoY3dRQWYrbjcxTGtvdlplR2lvZEg2ektobUtybUY1YVdSUThkR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNrRFQ5R2dCT1RjQVYrWVBIUWk4cGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNE5mUlUyT3AveGdyVFdKUC83ZlRSZlYxOVpBRFFDYnB0dWhxY1dMaS9pczk3eHdvR3FXOWtWNFByd2NMc0JKdTZpeUdQbUZMN2tycVVEL1AzRUZvdThvMlhWSzdMaFRVRVZWdGpHYmN4bjBJc2cyamtualdkS2tWVEV3QnBkNksiLCJtYWMiOiJjZjA2MzBkMWRmNGI0NDgxOWRjNjc1MmY3YzE0M2FjZTkzZDMxOTA2NmFkZWVjOWUzY2U3ZTI3MDRkY2I0NGVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNrRFQ5R2dCT1RjQVYrWVBIUWk4cGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNE5mUlUyT3AveGdyVFdKUC83ZlRSZlYxOVpBRFFDYnB0dWhxY1dMaS9pczk3eHdvR3FXOWtWNFB" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlgyMjcxOTkzbmtrU0xad2NhMXdYQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2hGYnk4RVpuK3dwWXJpaHhYcGtrM1dCLzU2TXlwTkhoY3dRQWYrbjcxTGtvdlplR2lvZEg2ektobUtybUY1YVdSUThkR0xkejJ1azNnUGsxN3RFMVNCVURpa1llUitoRVY2UkdVUjRxSjhZODMwOE9EV3l3dDBOMVE1TWdCNlAiLCJtYWMiOiIxOWYxZGQzNDNlNmUxMTk4YjA2NTM5YTg5NWM1ODc4N2JmYTllZGY1NTU1OWUzYTk1OTg0M2MzNjhkYjkzNDQ0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:05:59 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlgyMjcxOTkzbmtrU0xad2NhMXdYQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU2hGYnk4RVpuK3dwWXJpaHhYcGtrM1dCLzU2TXlwTkhoY3dRQWYrbjcxTGtvdlplR2lvZEg2ektobUtybUY1YVdSUThkR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNrRFQ5R2dCT1RjQVYrWVBIUWk4cGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNE5mUlUyT3AveGdyVFdKUC83ZlRSZlYxOVpBRFFDYnB0dWhxY1dMaS9pczk3eHdvR3FXOWtWNFByd2NMc0JKdTZpeUdQbUZMN2tycVVEL1AzRUZvdThvMlhWSzdMaFRVRVZWdGpHYmN4bjBJc2cyamtualdkS2tWVEV3QnBkNksiLCJtYWMiOiJjZjA2MzBkMWRmNGI0NDgxOWRjNjc1MmY3YzE0M2FjZTkzZDMxOTA2NmFkZWVjOWUzY2U3ZTI3MDRkY2I0NGVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNrRFQ5R2dCT1RjQVYrWVBIUWk4cGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNE5mUlUyT3AveGdyVFdKUC83ZlRSZlYxOVpBRFFDYnB0dWhxY1dMaS9pczk3eHdvR3FXOWtWNFB" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "O2jvxKy0t9W38pYSbaoLlpgbYswivpdCL7ZswhWf" "uc_cart_id" => "cd09109dff5fc1791844d022d2920925" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12196" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:05:59GET/chapter/121961121911