Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals

Human Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Author(s): Italmar T. Navarro, Regina Mitsuka–Bregano, Selwyn A. Headley, Jaqueline D. Capobiango, Inacio T. Inoue, Antonio M.B. Casella, Edna M.V. Reiche and Fabiana M.R. Lopes Mori

Pp: 13-60 (48)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086439118010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Notwithstanding, the severity of the sequels and the frequency of occurrence, congenital toxoplasmosis in humans continues to be a neglected disease in several countries, including Brazil. This is partly because a large proportion of infected children are asymptomatic at birth, and consequently are not diagnosed and treated during the first year of life, while most develop ocular and neuro–psycho–motor sequels in early adulthood. The disparity of several management protocols for acute toxoplasmosis has resulted in extreme difficulty for the physicians to make decisions, resulting in many patients being subjected to unnecessary therapies and invasive procedures or are not treated adequately. Another great difficulty lies with the diagnosis, since most pregnant women are asymptomatic when infected, while diagnosis is based on laboratory results, whose interpretation is dependent on several factors, including screening and confirmatory tests and the gestational age when blood sample was taken. Another difficulty is related with the post–natal diagnosis, because in many neonates, it is not possible to detect specific IgM antibodies, and the presence of IgG does not confirm an infection, since these can be passively transferred from the mother to the infant. Faced with this dilemma and based on the work of our group with patients, communities, health services, this team of specialists have accumulated widespread knowledge for the elaboration and implementation of the “Health surveillance program of gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis in Londrina, Paraná, Southern Brazil”. This successful program has served as the basis for this chapter.


Keywords: Clinical aspects, Epidemiology, Maternal screening, Molecular diagnosis, Neonatal screening, Ocular toxoplasmosis, Prevention, Risk factors, Surveillance program, Toxoplasma gondii, Transmission, Treatment.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834611 and j.to_date >= 1739834611 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12143) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834611 and j.to_date >= 1739834611 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12143) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834611 and j.to_date >= 1739834611 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12143)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2450 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834611 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834611 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2450
      • 3: 1739834611
      • 4: 1739834611
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='cd40582b2150d48a8a658460c1d80c2a'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    12Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        zsArVsQ96x6peanjLpSpbWfXRbeEg3z1jNafbREp
        uc_cart_id
        cd40582b2150d48a8a658460c1d80c2a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12143" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12143
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:23:31GET/chapter/121431121914