Reviews in Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis

Electroanalytical Methods as Tools for Predictive Drug Metabolism Studies

Author(s): B. Blankert and J. -M. Kauffmann

Pp: 76-83 (8)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805190811001010076

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The search for new in vitro screening tools for early metabolite profiling and identification is becoming a major focus of interest in the pharmaceutical industry. This is motivated by the hope to avoid late failure in drug development and ultimately to launch safer drugs with fewer side effects. Electroanalytical methods alone or coupled on-line with mass spectrometry, can find a niche in this context as they may be readily implemented for the electrically driven synthesis and characterization of xenobiotics oxidized or reduced form(s). Intimately integrated in a dual electrode-enzyme configuration, electroanalysis offers also a mean to study electron transfer at the redox active center of the enzyme in the presence of a substrate and/or an inhibitor.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847680 and j.to_date >= 1739847680 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1198) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847680 and j.to_date >= 1739847680 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1198) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847680 and j.to_date >= 1739847680 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1198)
      850μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 876 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847680 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847680 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.44msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 876
      • 3: 1739847680
      • 4: 1739847680
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='66cebb9a8562f254f679c00e0cf3ee70'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        vUvRKFS6bUja73DApFlUqWATixxGNae7yug0B8eQ
        uc_cart_id
        66cebb9a8562f254f679c00e0cf3ee70
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1198" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1198
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImlldzZxYi9iN0w5N1lLakMwZXBjb1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicElJKzJIbFoycjUydnY3VWcwMEgyMWlkUmdVZzloaGxmSUkxU3NIbkpHST0iLCJtYWMiOiI0ZTRmYWM3MTJlMDUyZGEzOWM0NjAzOTliZmQ3MzhlYjM4ODc2YzVmYmM5OTZkMTFhZTc0YzFiZWE0YWUzZGJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InN4aTg4SU9iUnNVb0FrOVhlanU5dkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMnB0YlRSUUJTdURZM2ZPUUNkcFhXNmlIRHJrWUVXZFdTM285VTBWUmNLT3RCNmtjK0JqMUwzckxKdGpTRGd5L3RDRVF2QzUvRFNnYlF2UEJib3ZNK1pTblFlbHEwZDQyL1YyMjBmclYxT281clRQcHI5eWl4bjk5dnFTeVZncXkiLCJtYWMiOiJlODdlYjg0MDE5N2Y0NmExMDI1Njg1ZTA2NzY5MzA5NWI1ZGRiZGRlZTJhZDA2OWRlZDJjZDU5ZjAyN2NkNGE5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRKRUdBbDRsMlc2NzhMN3lkQm56Mmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiakVZQ2xSWVQvWWZpWGhwR2hCOVYxOXo2ZG4wdEJybjFzUVVaT2pVTlpEb1NYdERydzRiZ1VCbjJDSnR2TCtlNFdjRU1MTDlub2NueGZrUytra1FTMGJqemhnVW5LN1YwODc4SjBCRkpGRzE5K3JhaTJKNW5MVnVIL3NMckt0UHIiLCJtYWMiOiJiNzI0ZWM0YzUwOGRiYTJjZDY2MjY3YTYwZDZhMTBlNGVkYjY5N2I2NWI5MDRkNDdlM2I3NjQxNmYzYjMzNjA3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImlldzZxYi9iN0w5N1lLakMwZXBjb1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicElJKzJIbFoycjUydnY3VWcwMEgyMWlkUmdVZzloaGxmSUkxU3NIbkpHST0iLCJtYWMiOiI0ZTRmYWM3MTJlMDUy" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "vUvRKFS6bUja73DApFlUqWATixxGNae7yug0B8eQ" "uc_cart_id" => "66cebb9a8562f254f679c00e0cf3ee70" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1198" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:01:20GET/chapter/1198112193