Frontiers in Aerospace Science

Volume: 3

Environmental Aspects on Airplane Design

Author(s): Bento S. de Mattos, Jose A. T. G. Fregnani and Paulo Eduardo C. S. Magalhaes

Pp: 299-323 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083278118030008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Airplane design consists of putting together several thousand parts to ultimately fulfill a set of requirements defined principally by airlines, manufacturers, and certification authorities. From the traditional perspective of an airline, an interesting airplane is one that can generate the highest revenue with minimum operating cost – a maximum profit airplane. However, the airline industry is constantly broadening its consideration of what constitutes a nice-to-buy airplane. In recent times, not only economics, but also environmental considerations, are taking part in fleetplanning considerations. Following this trend induced by environmentally-aware passengers, and noise and pollution-related charges, airplane conceptual design methodologies are being expanded to incorporate methodologies for preliminary assessment of airplane noise and emissions. This chapter presents some methodologies for assessing airplane noise and emissions during the conceptual design phases.


Keywords: Aircraft conceptual design, Airframe noise, Emissions, Engine noise, Environmental issues, Multi-disciplinary design and optimization.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495734 and j.to_date >= 1740495734 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11956) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495734 and j.to_date >= 1740495734 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11956) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495734 and j.to_date >= 1740495734 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11956)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2428 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740495734 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740495734 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2428
      • 3: 1740495734
      • 4: 1740495734
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c43c0f273dd35b7ef175ab9a40462fe1'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        7j2zTCejUx4SLYc1ibtkzNmDpt5ipR29FkludCX5
        uc_cart_id
        c43c0f273dd35b7ef175ab9a40462fe1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11956" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/11956
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjZSTkFKbHpvTUlra2VWbFpJSUh6d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEFHWFh5RzJPd2hNTzFFMm1qWFl0eC9jVXlYQWcrcEprT2pVT2pNYWN5cz0iLCJtYWMiOiJmNzhlYjgxYmE3ZDU1YWFiYjNjZjFiYjRiOWRiY2E0MTMxODNmYmNhZGE1MDIxNmY4YTIzMDY3ZmEwMmQyYTRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjZSTkFKbHpvTUlra2VWbFpJSUh6d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEFHWFh5RzJPd2hNTzFFMm1qWFl0eC9jVXlYQWcrcEprT2pVT2pNYWN5cz0iLCJtYWMiOiJmNzhlYjgxYmE3ZDU1" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:02:14 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdsRzVKWldnYUNVYWVtQk8xbHhxVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0l4NENTY0FreTZ4ZjdWOXNHNjUwL3NZVDVaOGhSUzdCY3hOaUpzZmEyQnhxUFA4ZlRCU3NEQmtpTkNWdTI0TWxmaFBaYTRRTmxwUUlod0pIYUkrQlI1K1o5Slp1bXk4VUVGS291cXNCRVMxcVFzSEUrZS9VWWpRS1F2WWdPT1QiLCJtYWMiOiIyZjA0ZmMyYTg3MTI3ZDExNGRhYjg0ZjM4NjJiY2NjNmQxNTQxYTY2NDM1ZjRjYzZlZmJlM2NjOGI2OGVhNWQwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:02:14 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdsRzVKWldnYUNVYWVtQk8xbHhxVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0l4NENTY0FreTZ4ZjdWOXNHNjUwL3NZVDVaOGhSUzdCY3hOaUpzZmEyQnhxUFA4ZlRCU3NEQmtpTkNWdTI0TWxmaFBaY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUrbVBuQXZSM2VQS2xrdXI3c3UyTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUhUbS9na2E3c012UXVkbUhxMWlYREdDNGJIL3BWa0trblhmT0dPa1QxS0UzS0hFK1pocWRWS1FMV3hHVHQxenZFNVdzdVpId2F5VkpFODkwRkRIRkgxalduTEl6OUtPbDhWdEdlN1IxdllHcXhoV0JCa3N0VDltNnhWbG96b2EiLCJtYWMiOiIzMTIxNzBjY2E4ZGU0NWVkMTFjZDk1NmZmYWE5NWY5M2E3MGJiYzI1ZWQyYzYyZWNjYjFhYTMxMDgyYTEwNjk1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUrbVBuQXZSM2VQS2xrdXI3c3UyTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUhUbS9na2E3c012UXVkbUhxMWlYREdDNGJIL3BWa0trblhmT0dPa1QxS0UzS0hFK1pocWRWS1F" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdsRzVKWldnYUNVYWVtQk8xbHhxVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0l4NENTY0FreTZ4ZjdWOXNHNjUwL3NZVDVaOGhSUzdCY3hOaUpzZmEyQnhxUFA4ZlRCU3NEQmtpTkNWdTI0TWxmaFBaYTRRTmxwUUlod0pIYUkrQlI1K1o5Slp1bXk4VUVGS291cXNCRVMxcVFzSEUrZS9VWWpRS1F2WWdPT1QiLCJtYWMiOiIyZjA0ZmMyYTg3MTI3ZDExNGRhYjg0ZjM4NjJiY2NjNmQxNTQxYTY2NDM1ZjRjYzZlZmJlM2NjOGI2OGVhNWQwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:02:14 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdsRzVKWldnYUNVYWVtQk8xbHhxVXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM0l4NENTY0FreTZ4ZjdWOXNHNjUwL3NZVDVaOGhSUzdCY3hOaUpzZmEyQnhxUFA4ZlRCU3NEQmtpTkNWdTI0TWxmaFBaY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUrbVBuQXZSM2VQS2xrdXI3c3UyTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUhUbS9na2E3c012UXVkbUhxMWlYREdDNGJIL3BWa0trblhmT0dPa1QxS0UzS0hFK1pocWRWS1FMV3hHVHQxenZFNVdzdVpId2F5VkpFODkwRkRIRkgxalduTEl6OUtPbDhWdEdlN1IxdllHcXhoV0JCa3N0VDltNnhWbG96b2EiLCJtYWMiOiIzMTIxNzBjY2E4ZGU0NWVkMTFjZDk1NmZmYWE5NWY5M2E3MGJiYzI1ZWQyYzYyZWNjYjFhYTMxMDgyYTEwNjk1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUrbVBuQXZSM2VQS2xrdXI3c3UyTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUhUbS9na2E3c012UXVkbUhxMWlYREdDNGJIL3BWa0trblhmT0dPa1QxS0UzS0hFK1pocWRWS1F" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "7j2zTCejUx4SLYc1ibtkzNmDpt5ipR29FkludCX5" "uc_cart_id" => "c43c0f273dd35b7ef175ab9a40462fe1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11956" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:02:14GET/chapter/11956112198