Reviews in Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis

Optimizing the Generalization Ability of Artificial Neural Networks in ELISA Protocols by Employing Different Topologies and GENETIC Operators

Author(s): Constantinos Kousoulos, Yannis Dotsikas and Yannis L. Loukas

Pp: 20-29 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805190811001010020

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The aim of the present work was to present the ability of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in successfully predicting the response of an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from the relative input parameters and to further enhance its performance by use of different network architectures, learning algorithms and genetic operators. Representatives of three major categories of ANN topologies were investigated, namely Multilayer Feed-Forward (MLF), Generalized Feed-Forward (GenFF) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) which were trained with back-propagation with momentum and a scaled conjugate gradient learning algorithm. Tuning of the input and hidden layer size was performed by use of a genetic algorithm, while different combinations of genetic operators were used for the optimal GenFF network in order to increase its predictive ability. The major advantage of this approach was the simultaneous data-driven, modeling and optimization process which demands no a priori knowledge of variable correlations and can be employed in setting up new assays.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848286 and j.to_date >= 1739848286 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1194) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848286 and j.to_date >= 1739848286 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1194) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848286 and j.to_date >= 1739848286 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1194)
      810μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 876 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848286 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848286 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 876
      • 3: 1739848286
      • 4: 1739848286
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c208ddb7b9fb71fd1651783cf362c8f0'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        imBPKQ8HnExE58tIyG8VQr4rjd3vstaSxLCuQje0
        uc_cart_id
        c208ddb7b9fb71fd1651783cf362c8f0
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1194" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1194
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InRtdWV5V2NrNzFDNlpUYzhzcUVscmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlhpZGZnVHEyYkY4Y3htczlHUXowbWJDRThja3p1R3BiWmVwcjBHQmJKaz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1YTI4ZjU5MDYxYjFjZmNjNGEzNDQ4YTIxNWY2MzFkYzk3ZTRiZGE3MTgzYjQ5ODNkOTVhNGFmMGE3ZDkwMWQzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; _ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739848286.1.0.1739848286.60.0.0; _ga=GA1.1.1833927519.1739848286wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InRtdWV5V2NrNzFDNlpUYzhzcUVscmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlhpZGZnVHEyYkY4Y3htczlHUXowbWJDRThja3p1R3BiWmVwcjBHQmJKaz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1YTI4ZjU5MDYxYjFj" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:3 [ "wayfindertarget" => null "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3" => null "_ga" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:11:26 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZpNWE4dnY4UEc2WGt1dWkyWVBEcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieHNrVGZVbGZqbHlZT0pva0l2RVNhZm52MTU5TEhONWNHQTFmSEhsd3IxTEliajRaMzFNWlRuaVVQajN4TExqREV6OVRnQkhRRkRMK0ZCL3JPUWVoMy9RRHlyMWdKSDVXVUxLTG5rMEc4N3RRVzkvT0EwYm9ZUW5vZ2h5cktsdjgiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzFiM2Q5NTgxNWVmNmE5MjA0YjU3YWIwNDY1ZjRiOTc0NDIzZTA0YTI5MWVkOTMwZjJkZmQxMWYwNzEyNGQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:11:26 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZpNWE4dnY4UEc2WGt1dWkyWVBEcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieHNrVGZVbGZqbHlZT0pva0l2RVNhZm52MTU5TEhONWNHQTFmSEhsd3IxTEliajRaMzFNWlRuaVVQajN4TExqREV6OVRnQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjkrUlA0MkxDVWZrRTd4ZXdudUViVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmJrMmpjSC9qVEkxR3RCc2EwUkx2T0FBeDlKKzgxMXJ2a1NVOFdVVGdSWFNmejEwczFlL2xybTlYYVhzZFRETVRnTFdDVjBJWDlDV1ZQQlFuSldxc3VIRnBjcUZTV2krVkR6cWh5Rm5QUStNR1JVM295QmZJR0FyTEUxOXZhZXUiLCJtYWMiOiJiYWJhODdjMGVkMThiYWI4NTlkMjhkMGE1MTNmODYzMzFmMGVhNGQ2ZDA4YWFjMmUzOTNhY2JlYjU1NjA2YWNjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjkrUlA0MkxDVWZrRTd4ZXdudUViVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmJrMmpjSC9qVEkxR3RCc2EwUkx2T0FBeDlKKzgxMXJ2a1NVOFdVVGdSWFNmejEwczFlL2xybTl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZpNWE4dnY4UEc2WGt1dWkyWVBEcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieHNrVGZVbGZqbHlZT0pva0l2RVNhZm52MTU5TEhONWNHQTFmSEhsd3IxTEliajRaMzFNWlRuaVVQajN4TExqREV6OVRnQkhRRkRMK0ZCL3JPUWVoMy9RRHlyMWdKSDVXVUxLTG5rMEc4N3RRVzkvT0EwYm9ZUW5vZ2h5cktsdjgiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzFiM2Q5NTgxNWVmNmE5MjA0YjU3YWIwNDY1ZjRiOTc0NDIzZTA0YTI5MWVkOTMwZjJkZmQxMWYwNzEyNGQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:11:26 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZpNWE4dnY4UEc2WGt1dWkyWVBEcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieHNrVGZVbGZqbHlZT0pva0l2RVNhZm52MTU5TEhONWNHQTFmSEhsd3IxTEliajRaMzFNWlRuaVVQajN4TExqREV6OVRnQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjkrUlA0MkxDVWZrRTd4ZXdudUViVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmJrMmpjSC9qVEkxR3RCc2EwUkx2T0FBeDlKKzgxMXJ2a1NVOFdVVGdSWFNmejEwczFlL2xybTlYYVhzZFRETVRnTFdDVjBJWDlDV1ZQQlFuSldxc3VIRnBjcUZTV2krVkR6cWh5Rm5QUStNR1JVM295QmZJR0FyTEUxOXZhZXUiLCJtYWMiOiJiYWJhODdjMGVkMThiYWI4NTlkMjhkMGE1MTNmODYzMzFmMGVhNGQ2ZDA4YWFjMmUzOTNhY2JlYjU1NjA2YWNjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjkrUlA0MkxDVWZrRTd4ZXdudUViVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmJrMmpjSC9qVEkxR3RCc2EwUkx2T0FBeDlKKzgxMXJ2a1NVOFdVVGdSWFNmejEwczFlL2xybTl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "imBPKQ8HnExE58tIyG8VQr4rjd3vstaSxLCuQje0" "uc_cart_id" => "c208ddb7b9fb71fd1651783cf362c8f0" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1194" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:11:26GET/chapter/1194112192