250 Years of Industrial Consumption and Transformation of Nature: Impacts on Global Ecosystems and Life

Biosphere

Author(s): Hubert Engelbrecht

Pp: 162-165 (4)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086019117010017

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The human species has, due to its creativity and innate behavioural properties, always been driver of major extinctions. Modern species losses exceed, by far, the natural background trends of defaunation and homogenisation. The main reason is the violent expansion of human beings into the biosphere, its displacement, utilisation, and transformation. This development was accelerated at the beginning of industrialisation by motors driven by combustion of fossil energy carriers. The biosphere and its natural cycles were degraded because huge artificial material cycles exceeded the turnovers of natural cycles and immense amounts of waste were disposed of in nature. Awareness about biodiversity loss and the fact that 4/5 of the estimated 10 million species are still unknown, gave rise to the Census of Marine Life. The main threats to biodiversity are the primary and subsequent effects of industrialisation and overpopulation. The impacts on species include: physiology, demography, evolution, species interactions, range dynamics, and responses to environmental change. These negative impacts must be minimised, because conservation of biodiversity and functioning of ecosystem services are essential for human well being.


Keywords: Adaptation, Biodiversity, Biosphere transformation, Colonisation, Conservation, Defaunation, Displacement, Ecosystem services, Expansion pressure, Extinction, Homogenisation, Secondary habitat, Species census, Species response, Technosphere.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2413 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834802 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834802 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2413
      • 3: 1739834802
      • 4: 1739834802
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5ac2488a9696ddec7292140e5b2d16a9'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        1CJYv1vxqs2p63lnuVOZUxdXAPeVDlVZsm1YVHU9
        uc_cart_id
        5ac2488a9696ddec7292140e5b2d16a9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11790" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/11790
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:26:42 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpQY2pObWlFL29iZzVxOThPZUR0S2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkVsVEJHVDQzL215eTIyQkFaZSs1a2lFQWlEMUlLR1NSMlVCQ0lDS0x6UzJxMXZkNnpUM2k4aklKSjRSUmVOVWVFWUtHYnNza2NBczkzMjd3ZmRieE5SY2EyYXNLU1BjUW9oMy9NK3UwVFpPN0xVSjEvT2ZkajlIY2RTb2I0SHMiLCJtYWMiOiIxNGY1YzNmZDlhMTJiOGE4ZWQyN2FhZGVlNmMwNThlNTZkNDNhNGE1NWQ5Y2I1NTlkZTFkMzA3NmQ5MTZkMjkzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:26:42 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpQY2pObWlFL29iZzVxOThPZUR0S2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkVsVEJHVDQzL215eTIyQkFaZSs1a2lFQWlEMUlLR1NSMlVCQ0lDS0x6UzJxMXZkNnpUM2k4aklKSjRSUmVOVWVFWUtHY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBxN3BBNEc2YStUMWRuK0ZZNW95QlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVVweDg2TGVFdHd3U3VvOFNZeHFPMHdyUUpRTk0yb2V3bHNYK255cE5jV1NWYmVXcW5CN29LWGtjTGZIcnRWdzFRcVpiRWRZZXhvSnJpSks4WW1majBMZm9tNTYvRjRUNWlnalc5S0RSTnl6MUd6QXAvc2FEbWE3M0xSY2RndWIiLCJtYWMiOiJlZTA0ZDcxMjM4NDcyMjMwMWUxNGMwMDk0MWZmMGQyN2U5NzI5MTMxNjg4ZjQzMDRiYzBlYzY1N2UzODFhZTUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBxN3BBNEc2YStUMWRuK0ZZNW95QlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVVweDg2TGVFdHd3U3VvOFNZeHFPMHdyUUpRTk0yb2V3bHNYK255cE5jV1NWYmVXcW5CN29LWGt" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpQY2pObWlFL29iZzVxOThPZUR0S2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkVsVEJHVDQzL215eTIyQkFaZSs1a2lFQWlEMUlLR1NSMlVCQ0lDS0x6UzJxMXZkNnpUM2k4aklKSjRSUmVOVWVFWUtHYnNza2NBczkzMjd3ZmRieE5SY2EyYXNLU1BjUW9oMy9NK3UwVFpPN0xVSjEvT2ZkajlIY2RTb2I0SHMiLCJtYWMiOiIxNGY1YzNmZDlhMTJiOGE4ZWQyN2FhZGVlNmMwNThlNTZkNDNhNGE1NWQ5Y2I1NTlkZTFkMzA3NmQ5MTZkMjkzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:26:42 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpQY2pObWlFL29iZzVxOThPZUR0S2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkVsVEJHVDQzL215eTIyQkFaZSs1a2lFQWlEMUlLR1NSMlVCQ0lDS0x6UzJxMXZkNnpUM2k4aklKSjRSUmVOVWVFWUtHY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBxN3BBNEc2YStUMWRuK0ZZNW95QlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVVweDg2TGVFdHd3U3VvOFNZeHFPMHdyUUpRTk0yb2V3bHNYK255cE5jV1NWYmVXcW5CN29LWGtjTGZIcnRWdzFRcVpiRWRZZXhvSnJpSks4WW1majBMZm9tNTYvRjRUNWlnalc5S0RSTnl6MUd6QXAvc2FEbWE3M0xSY2RndWIiLCJtYWMiOiJlZTA0ZDcxMjM4NDcyMjMwMWUxNGMwMDk0MWZmMGQyN2U5NzI5MTMxNjg4ZjQzMDRiYzBlYzY1N2UzODFhZTUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBxN3BBNEc2YStUMWRuK0ZZNW95QlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVVweDg2TGVFdHd3U3VvOFNZeHFPMHdyUUpRTk0yb2V3bHNYK255cE5jV1NWYmVXcW5CN29LWGt" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "1CJYv1vxqs2p63lnuVOZUxdXAPeVDlVZsm1YVHU9" "uc_cart_id" => "5ac2488a9696ddec7292140e5b2d16a9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11790" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:26:42GET/chapter/117901121817