250 Years of Industrial Consumption and Transformation of Nature: Impacts on Global Ecosystems and Life

The Industrialisation : Its Origination and Development

Author(s): Hubert Engelbrecht

Pp: 27-35 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086019117010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Intellectual movements, which originated during the Age of Enlightenment (rationalism, scientific recognition, inductive method) created important preconditions for the industrial1 era. Calvinism, scientific progress, discoveries, and inventions led to the industrial revolution. It replaced human and animal work with machines and transformed agrarian societies into remote supplied societies. Fossil energy carriers became the core of industrial development. Improvements in food and medicine supply, as well as social reforms, set the beginning of demographic transformations. Economic developments, organisation, division of labour, innovations (e.g. electric current), and specialisations were accompanied by severe political and societal crises (e.g. rural exodus, machine runners, pauperism, and industrial slavery). Despite rising disparities caused by agglomeration, cartelism, and accumulation of assets and wealth, a slow improvement in the degree of education, qualification, literacy, average standard of living, and life expectancy was realised. Escalating world population growth since ca. 1960 implied increasing amounts of supply (mineral commodities, food, etc.). Accelerated techno-scientific progress, partially fostered after 1945 by space and arms races created fast developments in nuclear technology, electronics, digitalisation, automation, internet, genomics, bio- and nanotechnology, and resulted in globalised optimum physical and virtual mobility.


Keywords: Cultural development, Dependencies, Digitalisation, Fossil carbon, Globalisation, Growth, Industrial society, Innovations, Inventions, Matter flux, Mobility, Rationalism, Risk society, Science, Societal transformations, Technology, The Great Acceleration, World economy, World population.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834432 and j.to_date >= 1739834432 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11779) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834432 and j.to_date >= 1739834432 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11779) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834432 and j.to_date >= 1739834432 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11779)
      650μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2413 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834432 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834432 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2413
      • 3: 1739834432
      • 4: 1739834432
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='eefdd9c4a606d718b5efb59fcb9442ad'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    19Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jFUrqw4A1i0UJJWSaN49ixrUCxQWXeM5r5e9YbgA
        uc_cart_id
        eefdd9c4a606d718b5efb59fcb9442ad
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11779" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/11779
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "fpestid=-KcsexZEnWA9rvlzTI4Y-8pj14l-iP38d_lxl32ab84VmP_EGjR4fvs2y_N8gupzPY_qsg; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjVFYm5CaTcrVUdpdXl6L3ZPdGRYSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUJjeWlQenN3ZTBVYjVHcDdlQjhtNHpvN1loZEFKaE1OVHVRUTJJSkttUT0iLCJtYWMiOiI5Y2VhYmExMmFhN2UxNTJmODQ2NzI0YWNhYmYyYzIyNTM4NzdmYjBlNTI0OGFhZWZjZTZjNGFlNDI1YTM5MWJkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InMyUzUvR2g5VTJCVjBQWi9YSUlFSWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicFR0RFpITkE0Rm92OGs4OGQrdXM0Zlp6U25jVmYzZGNUZCticGVZNmJpeEZFRUtKK0hJUGk1VUQ3Y3RETk9SRWFWS0pKOURzZnNvaE82cWtBNGdMTi9waFhWdTRWN1BPa09oR0hUZjh1SGM4ZUNMWlAyTGpUbkUzT1lpU3dNUysiLCJtYWMiOiJmMjQ2NmZjMDYwOTQ5ZDM5NmZiNWM4ZjAzNTEzODBjNDUwMDk0MzBmODE3MGQwMmU3Y2M5MDFmYjYzZTkzYTc4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlI1TitXcjdsUVY4UGpRYXJTNW9DOWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNmpYZUYxbWhVNUxTY0xrUnZZZ1lRV0tLakYxcndUQ2x5NmhBb1lzc2RPOTVKZjBWQUU5UjJKcEdzUVVpdFBCT3FyNVNpODdsZVh0UE1TeVpRU1BMOGNKemZHZXhoZ1FadjJsK2dIMGlrYUd0NFZqeXpVb210NkpoN3d2QVJvekYiLCJtYWMiOiIyZTg2ZTVkMGVhZmZhOGI1NDM5ZTNmNDZjZjU0Njk1MDBkMGZkZDA2ZTI5ZGE2NDJmYzhhZjllYWQzNWY5NTMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dfpestid=-KcsexZEnWA9rvlzTI4Y-8pj14l-iP38d_lxl32ab84VmP_EGjR4fvs2y_N8gupzPY_qsg; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjVFYm5CaTcrVUdpdXl6L3ZPdGRYSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUJjeWlQ" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "jFUrqw4A1i0UJJWSaN49ixrUCxQWXeM5r5e9YbgA" "uc_cart_id" => "eefdd9c4a606d718b5efb59fcb9442ad" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11779" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:32GET/chapter/117791121821