Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research: HIV

Volume: 4

Potential Magnetic Nanotherapeutics for Management of neuroAIDS

Author(s): Vidya Sagar, Arti Vashist and Madhavan Nair

Pp: 34-60 (27)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681085265117040004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into the brain induces neurotoxicity and neuropathology which are collectively termed as the neuroAIDS. Brain delivery of therapeutic molecules continues to be the greatest challenge, primarily because of the tightly-junctioned blood-brain barrier (BBB). Several nanovehicles are under intensive examination for delivering drugs across the BBB. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess advantages over their counterparts because of their potential utilization for non-invasive brain targeting using external magnetic force. MNPs can be physicochemically modulated for engineering smart drug delivery carrier as well. Nonetheless, rigorous research is required to fix associated shortcomings of MNPs before their real-time application.


Keywords: Blood-Brain Barrier, HIV, Magnetic Nanocarriers, NeuroAIDS, Neuropathogenesis, Synaptic plasticity.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51595851 and j.to_ip >=51595851 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740363972 and j.to_date >= 1740363972 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11699) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51595851 and j.to_ip >=51595851 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740363972 and j.to_date >= 1740363972 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11699) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51595851 and j.to_ip >=51595851 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740363972 and j.to_date >= 1740363972 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 11699)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2407 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740363972 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740363972 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2407
      • 3: 1740363972
      • 4: 1740363972
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='85c3bc111b416631227df929797f393a'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
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        vYael9L6x3eB78LEizoIERCOqbx8sqaM6jVBduZw
        uc_cart_id
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        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11699" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
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        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
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        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
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        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 24 Feb 2025 02:26:12 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVLelZtNnNOb0pLbTVHRHE3TUxyelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2c5N1NvZWp5c3hpS3Y5L3BJMGh3anF5NUJ5a01UYVAzRlR4d1JiblZVdWN0Y05XK3VYN0lpajI2SDQxQlFNNFdvbFRBb05zT0ZOZUlpTDVhbmQrK21YSDFsTmhSU2VOZUVEeDVKZXZ6TUdoWnJJb1lLbFN6YjdoT0JDNGNCalMiLCJtYWMiOiI2MTYwZjFkNmUwODk0ZTFkYTI2N2JlZGUyMjRlYjA5YzcxODFkYmFlNWNkY2I1ODBlNTFkZjMyNmUwOGU1NTExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 14:26:12 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVLelZtNnNOb0pLbTVHRHE3TUxyelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2c5N1NvZWp5c3hpS3Y5L3BJMGh3anF5NUJ5a01UYVAzRlR4d1JiblZVdWN0Y05XK3VYN0lpajI2SDQxQlFNNFdvbFRBb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjY1QTdMc09lNGY5azhqYXo4YmVEc3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOXJDS1RudElzWTZlK3VCN3I1VUZiQTZkOXVFTERMNG4vaU5CaytCVzVKV1BvakV1aFZ0OUx0cXZXNDNKSWUxcTl4dTc2RkxHUGl0aVlPR1ZSeTZCRmFucUhEWGtCTHF1YmZ2MW84SEhERiswVU5IcHVZQWVTNHQyczhxWkEwNlYiLCJtYWMiOiJlN2E4ZTA3YWI5MDA5ZTFkMzc3Zjg1YWQ0NTM4NzMxYTEzZTE3ZjNiZWZjZmVkMmNkZGY5ZDk5MzA3ZGUzNTQ5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjY1QTdMc09lNGY5azhqYXo4YmVEc3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOXJDS1RudElzWTZlK3VCN3I1VUZiQTZkOXVFTERMNG4vaU5CaytCVzVKV1BvakV1aFZ0OUx0cXZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVLelZtNnNOb0pLbTVHRHE3TUxyelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2c5N1NvZWp5c3hpS3Y5L3BJMGh3anF5NUJ5a01UYVAzRlR4d1JiblZVdWN0Y05XK3VYN0lpajI2SDQxQlFNNFdvbFRBb05zT0ZOZUlpTDVhbmQrK21YSDFsTmhSU2VOZUVEeDVKZXZ6TUdoWnJJb1lLbFN6YjdoT0JDNGNCalMiLCJtYWMiOiI2MTYwZjFkNmUwODk0ZTFkYTI2N2JlZGUyMjRlYjA5YzcxODFkYmFlNWNkY2I1ODBlNTFkZjMyNmUwOGU1NTExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 14:26:12 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVLelZtNnNOb0pLbTVHRHE3TUxyelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2c5N1NvZWp5c3hpS3Y5L3BJMGh3anF5NUJ5a01UYVAzRlR4d1JiblZVdWN0Y05XK3VYN0lpajI2SDQxQlFNNFdvbFRBb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjY1QTdMc09lNGY5azhqYXo4YmVEc3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOXJDS1RudElzWTZlK3VCN3I1VUZiQTZkOXVFTERMNG4vaU5CaytCVzVKV1BvakV1aFZ0OUx0cXZXNDNKSWUxcTl4dTc2RkxHUGl0aVlPR1ZSeTZCRmFucUhEWGtCTHF1YmZ2MW84SEhERiswVU5IcHVZQWVTNHQyczhxWkEwNlYiLCJtYWMiOiJlN2E4ZTA3YWI5MDA5ZTFkMzc3Zjg1YWQ0NTM4NzMxYTEzZTE3ZjNiZWZjZmVkMmNkZGY5ZDk5MzA3ZGUzNTQ5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjY1QTdMc09lNGY5azhqYXo4YmVEc3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOXJDS1RudElzWTZlK3VCN3I1VUZiQTZkOXVFTERMNG4vaU5CaytCVzVKV1BvakV1aFZ0OUx0cXZ" ] ]
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-24 02:26:12GET/chapter/11699112198