Advances in Physicochemical Properties of Biopolymers (Part 2)

Chitosan and its Modifications as Biologically Active Compounds in Different Applications

Author(s): Mohamed E. I. Badawy and Entsar I. Rabea

Pp: 1-108 (108)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681085449117010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

A chitosan biopolymer is a reactive functional polymer, which gives possibilities for chemical modifications to generate new properties and functions. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity to mammals, and potential biological activities make this compound with its derivatives advantageous for many applications in different fields, such as agriculture, food and nutrition, biomedicine, pharmaceutics, and biotechnology. In this chapter, we provide collaborative studies of the biological activity of chitosan and its major derivatives in different applications. In addition, the chapter provides the latest technological applications and prospects of products based on chitosan molecule.


Keywords: Biological activity, Chemical modification, Chitosan, Physicochemical properties, Technological applications.

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      400μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
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      420μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
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      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221922387 and j.to_ip >=221922387 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834833 and j.to_date >= 1739834833 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10864) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221922387 and j.to_ip >=221922387 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834833 and j.to_date >= 1739834833 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10864) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221922387 and j.to_ip >=221922387 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834833 and j.to_date >= 1739834833 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10864)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2256 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834833 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834833 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2256
      • 3: 1739834833
      • 4: 1739834833
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='25245ce39bb736efa65e414c2c591460'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        LLXTDxttlkehbwWDO1vkk6vMcoUOwpq9Q1kF7ygG
        uc_cart_id
        25245ce39bb736efa65e414c2c591460
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10864" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10864
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkJMQ2wyb0swZUxDWlMvdTMvM01CTWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWVZnK0tWdEwvZzJmb211UlRYSDFqVnAzRmpqN1I5eGhzTWcyaGpOcWRvOD0iLCJtYWMiOiI4NjgxM2QzMjk3NTQzODRhZTFkYzRiM2VkYTZiNTM4MzQ0MmEyOGY2NTkwZDRhYWE4ZTBhZTJjMzQ5MzM2ZjFmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkJMQ2wyb0swZUxDWlMvdTMvM01CTWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWVZnK0tWdEwvZzJmb211UlRYSDFqVnAzRmpqN1I5eGhzTWcyaGpOcWRvOD0iLCJtYWMiOiI4NjgxM2QzMjk3NTQz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:27:13 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVFaTFBZSttVFVzYTRzZTUrNm1xcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEdFdHJQM1VZd1FPdW1VSHRrS01abjkrcWVzUGR5MGgwLytGVGZkZDdpU3c4aFZrRURqZlRiR2p5VnBPVXR2OE1Ra3VrTFcyN0ZxV3dNczVrMmNTWUVtMGduU2Z3YUw5dkRFMG10SjZiYUFNWGptMFRSOEg3QlhGcWdOcTR2dloiLCJtYWMiOiI1MDg3Y2MzOTFjYzQ0Y2QwNWMzMGUwN2UxZTEyMjFiNTE3ZDk4MTk0ZTNlNWY2NTQyNzMxODNhMDA4YTEzYTczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:27:13 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVFaTFBZSttVFVzYTRzZTUrNm1xcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEdFdHJQM1VZd1FPdW1VSHRrS01abjkrcWVzUGR5MGgwLytGVGZkZDdpU3c4aFZrRURqZlRiR2p5VnBPVXR2OE1Ra3VrT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii82T1ErbU5aZCttTGQxMXdpdEFkNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYlBUTFd2S1A2VFVjYkxsT3Y2UVlnbzR1WE13ODEvRHQwZW1iMjg0Zmg0SndwSVpJTlF2anRGdUxkeDI3bm4zQmM2VWNYVGNHeThQZGtieWJpSzNpOVpZcFVNMEdMYTlNeWZwdHJlS1hjK2JLa004RGJKcU00RzJFckxkZklHZFciLCJtYWMiOiI5ODY2YTZjYWViYTJlNTA3YThlZmNlOTVkMjFjNmVkZmFhMjUwNWEzMWE4OThjNWM1MGQ5ZGY5ZGQ1MTYwZTQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii82T1ErbU5aZCttTGQxMXdpdEFkNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYlBUTFd2S1A2VFVjYkxsT3Y2UVlnbzR1WE13ODEvRHQwZW1iMjg0Zmg0SndwSVpJTlF2anRGdUx" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVFaTFBZSttVFVzYTRzZTUrNm1xcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEdFdHJQM1VZd1FPdW1VSHRrS01abjkrcWVzUGR5MGgwLytGVGZkZDdpU3c4aFZrRURqZlRiR2p5VnBPVXR2OE1Ra3VrTFcyN0ZxV3dNczVrMmNTWUVtMGduU2Z3YUw5dkRFMG10SjZiYUFNWGptMFRSOEg3QlhGcWdOcTR2dloiLCJtYWMiOiI1MDg3Y2MzOTFjYzQ0Y2QwNWMzMGUwN2UxZTEyMjFiNTE3ZDk4MTk0ZTNlNWY2NTQyNzMxODNhMDA4YTEzYTczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:27:13 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVFaTFBZSttVFVzYTRzZTUrNm1xcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEdFdHJQM1VZd1FPdW1VSHRrS01abjkrcWVzUGR5MGgwLytGVGZkZDdpU3c4aFZrRURqZlRiR2p5VnBPVXR2OE1Ra3VrT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii82T1ErbU5aZCttTGQxMXdpdEFkNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYlBUTFd2S1A2VFVjYkxsT3Y2UVlnbzR1WE13ODEvRHQwZW1iMjg0Zmg0SndwSVpJTlF2anRGdUxkeDI3bm4zQmM2VWNYVGNHeThQZGtieWJpSzNpOVpZcFVNMEdMYTlNeWZwdHJlS1hjK2JLa004RGJKcU00RzJFckxkZklHZFciLCJtYWMiOiI5ODY2YTZjYWViYTJlNTA3YThlZmNlOTVkMjFjNmVkZmFhMjUwNWEzMWE4OThjNWM1MGQ5ZGY5ZGQ1MTYwZTQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii82T1ErbU5aZCttTGQxMXdpdEFkNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYlBUTFd2S1A2VFVjYkxsT3Y2UVlnbzR1WE13ODEvRHQwZW1iMjg0Zmg0SndwSVpJTlF2anRGdUx" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "LLXTDxttlkehbwWDO1vkk6vMcoUOwpq9Q1kF7ygG" "uc_cart_id" => "25245ce39bb736efa65e414c2c591460" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10864" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:13GET/chapter/10864112197