Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Volume: 8

Current and Emerging Cancer Therapies for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Author(s): Sarwat Fatima, Nikki P. Lee and Zhao Xiang Bian

Pp: 72-103 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083896117080006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide, especially in Asia. Late diagnosis and/or underlying cirrhosis, and limited treatment options with marginal clinical benefit are the reasons for its dismal prognosis. Surgical resection and liver transplantation are curative treatment options but are suitable for patients with small tumours or well-compensated liver diseases. For patients with non-resectable HCC, treatment options include ablative and systemic therapies. However, the results are unsatisfactory with limited long-term survival. In the last few years there has been active research in the area of molecularly targeted agents for HCC including anti-angiogenic therapy, immunotherapy, antiviral therapy, and other agents targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and c-met among others. This chapter will look into current treatment options, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, as well as introduce new therapies that are under clinical investigation but not yet recommended by acceptable guidelines. Although there is tremendous research in progress, the treatment modalities offer limited survival benefit and thus the battle against HCC is far from over.


Keywords: Anti-angiogenic therapy, Antiviral therapy, Chemotherapy, c-Met inhibitors, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Immune based therapy, Local ablative therapy, mTOR inhibitors, Sorafenib, TACE.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496531 and j.to_date >= 1740496531 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10620) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496531 and j.to_date >= 1740496531 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10620) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496531 and j.to_date >= 1740496531 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10620)
      880μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2241 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740496531 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740496531 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2241
      • 3: 1740496531
      • 4: 1740496531
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='ca9bc33b18053bd410c4e86818048cc9'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        K5LWNsurlkpTJnR8DxBPrsedNq5UYVhlwXTPrUk8
        uc_cart_id
        ca9bc33b18053bd410c4e86818048cc9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10620" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10620
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:15:31 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDYi9hczhxeTJWbjRCZEZGZWphcHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXVmRHFGRWZHdHg4WVZxZ2FNU0M5eVpmWkJtTEQzaVJ1MTNLbW56a0N4cmZzUnozc3NiYmFFMmU4MUkwMkhUY3N2bnp2K05veUw3bzY3R256TENjQmlmbGtvTDAxVUR1dGRJMnZPWXUwYVVkL3dGR1BxeW01N21zMmZBemRieDMiLCJtYWMiOiJlNGNmNDBmZGE1ZTFkZjk3MjI0NzhjOGM4OWEyNDlmMGMzNzMyZGJhZWUzNmUzNGZlZmU2ODVmYjk3NzE3ZDAxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:15:31 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDYi9hczhxeTJWbjRCZEZGZWphcHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXVmRHFGRWZHdHg4WVZxZ2FNU0M5eVpmWkJtTEQzaVJ1MTNLbW56a0N4cmZzUnozc3NiYmFFMmU4MUkwMkhUY3N2bnp2K" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh5Qi82Ump4U0JkbVZjY24vYmdtSlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGxucmpCSEV6TGN3Y1BLbVJZN3o3RXZhTXR5RlVwNVAzM0tSZ0NlVGxvVml6ZU9wbjh5ZzhveU9LcVdqS3A5RjM1UW5DdDdHTmxSSWNIdzRvZ3Nycit4VnNuK1Rvc0hhNktaMnBWOWNyZ1l4REZ2amo0YWFtMUROWDRUR1FsUTEiLCJtYWMiOiJkNGZiYTRlY2ExMGM3ODdkNmMxMjU3Y2JlNmE1OTdiMzUwYWI5YTYwZTNiMDk1ZWE1MmNmNWI5YmY2MjFkMjYwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh5Qi82Ump4U0JkbVZjY24vYmdtSlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGxucmpCSEV6TGN3Y1BLbVJZN3o3RXZhTXR5RlVwNVAzM0tSZ0NlVGxvVml6ZU9wbjh5ZzhveU9" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDYi9hczhxeTJWbjRCZEZGZWphcHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXVmRHFGRWZHdHg4WVZxZ2FNU0M5eVpmWkJtTEQzaVJ1MTNLbW56a0N4cmZzUnozc3NiYmFFMmU4MUkwMkhUY3N2bnp2K05veUw3bzY3R256TENjQmlmbGtvTDAxVUR1dGRJMnZPWXUwYVVkL3dGR1BxeW01N21zMmZBemRieDMiLCJtYWMiOiJlNGNmNDBmZGE1ZTFkZjk3MjI0NzhjOGM4OWEyNDlmMGMzNzMyZGJhZWUzNmUzNGZlZmU2ODVmYjk3NzE3ZDAxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:15:31 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImpDYi9hczhxeTJWbjRCZEZGZWphcHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXVmRHFGRWZHdHg4WVZxZ2FNU0M5eVpmWkJtTEQzaVJ1MTNLbW56a0N4cmZzUnozc3NiYmFFMmU4MUkwMkhUY3N2bnp2K" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh5Qi82Ump4U0JkbVZjY24vYmdtSlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGxucmpCSEV6TGN3Y1BLbVJZN3o3RXZhTXR5RlVwNVAzM0tSZ0NlVGxvVml6ZU9wbjh5ZzhveU9LcVdqS3A5RjM1UW5DdDdHTmxSSWNIdzRvZ3Nycit4VnNuK1Rvc0hhNktaMnBWOWNyZ1l4REZ2amo0YWFtMUROWDRUR1FsUTEiLCJtYWMiOiJkNGZiYTRlY2ExMGM3ODdkNmMxMjU3Y2JlNmE1OTdiMzUwYWI5YTYwZTNiMDk1ZWE1MmNmNWI5YmY2MjFkMjYwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh5Qi82Ump4U0JkbVZjY24vYmdtSlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWGxucmpCSEV6TGN3Y1BLbVJZN3o3RXZhTXR5RlVwNVAzM0tSZ0NlVGxvVml6ZU9wbjh5ZzhveU9" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "K5LWNsurlkpTJnR8DxBPrsedNq5UYVhlwXTPrUk8" "uc_cart_id" => "ca9bc33b18053bd410c4e86818048cc9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10620" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:15:31GET/chapter/106201121912