Advances in Physicochemical Properties of Biopolymers (Part 1)

Direct Measurement of Free Volume Properties in Polymeric Materials

Author(s): Asmita Sen Gupta

Pp: 295-327 (33)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084534117010013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

There has been a long history of theoretical and experimental papers which are concerned with the development of the free volume concept to explain transport and diffusion in polymer systems. Several theoretical efforts also took place to clinch the mechanism of the glass transition on the basis of free volume concept. In spite of the strong presence of free volume concept in scientific arena, it carries ambiguity in terms of definition. Many consider free volume concept as nothing but a guide to discussion since it has no physical existence. Past papers on theory and experiments dealt with the development of free volume concept to explain transport and diffusion in polymers. Many models based on free volume concept, show a number of unsatisfactory features as they stand at present. However, a number of theoretical approaches emerged to achieve a unanimous definition of free volume concept. Since the last few decades, Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) has become a well-established experimental technique for gathering information on the microstructure of free volume in polymeric materials. A brief discussion is presented in this chapter on free volume models along with PALS effectiveness in investigating free volume properties.


Keywords: Free volume, Models, PALS technique, Polymer and Biopolymer.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848287 and j.to_date >= 1739848287 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10594) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848287 and j.to_date >= 1739848287 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10594) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873362154 and j.to_ip >=873362154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848287 and j.to_date >= 1739848287 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10594)
      810μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2239 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848287 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848287 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.39msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2239
      • 3: 1739848287
      • 4: 1739848287
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b05a327c74d96c55ba750f4b3e4c0d72'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
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        uc_cart_id
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        _flash
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        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
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        status_code
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        status_text
        OK
        format
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        content_type
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        request_query
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        request_request
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:11:27GET/chapter/10594112196