More Food: Road to Survival

Harnessing Apomixis to Improve Crops

Author(s): Emidio Albertini and Fabio Veronesi

Pp: 362-372 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084671117010015

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Apomixis is a naturally occurring reproduction mode in flowering plants that results in embryo formation in absence of both meiosis and eggcell fertilization. Apomixis results from the combination of two processes: apomeiosis (unreduced embryosac formation due to diplospory or apospory) and parthenogenesis (development of an embryo without fertilization). Seed-derived progenies of an apomictic plant are genetically identical to the maternal parent, i.e., they are clonal in origin. The impact on agriculture of the introgression of apomixis into sexual crops, will be revolutionary. In fact, apomixis will allow clonal seed production and thus enable efficient and consistent yields of high quality seeds, fruits and vegetables at lower costs. The development of apomixis technology will reduce cost and breeding time also avoiding the complications typical of sexual reproduction (e.g., incompatibility barriers) and vegetative propagation (e.g., viral transfer). Progresses in the search for apomixis genes obtained by several groups could allow the manipulation of apomixis and its transfer to crop species where the apomixis system is not present and to revolutionize modern agriculture. Moreover, when coupled with male-sterility systems, apomictic reproduction (with no need for male contribution) could help in addressing issues related to transgene escape from GM crops to organic or conventional crops, and thereby allow for better coexistence systems.


Keywords: Apomeiosis, Apomixis, Asexual reproduction, Fertilization, Hybrid vigor, Inbreeding depression, Meiosis, Parthenogenesis, Plant reproduction, Sexual reproduction.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497455 and j.to_date >= 1740497455 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10512) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497455 and j.to_date >= 1740497455 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10512) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497455 and j.to_date >= 1740497455 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10512)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2235 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497455 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497455 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2235
      • 3: 1740497455
      • 4: 1740497455
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9c65044005c85e64ec0c8b4fbfbbee5b'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        aEA1qhkFrvgEorciy3BUJ27AfOaz53FEhppokDKq
        uc_cart_id
        9c65044005c85e64ec0c8b4fbfbbee5b
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10512" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10512
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjBaNFFTczB3YXFrS1hlbHVZZ2JPZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0hKVFFvQVkvQ3A3WHBvdnJXL04rTHZGMEpDZFZCMkMyUTN1Z3JncG5vOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIzMzMzN2VlN2RlMGIxMzAyYWI2M2RiMjhiNTAwNzBkYzk3YTQ4OGM2NWMxOGNmOTBjMmYzNzgzMzQ3NmI2ZTJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjBaNFFTczB3YXFrS1hlbHVZZ2JPZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0hKVFFvQVkvQ3A3WHBvdnJXL04rTHZGMEpDZFZCMkMyUTN1Z3JncG5vOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIzMzMzN2VlN2RlMGIx" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:30:55 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InY5Tmh5NVVUdEozV0JESTY5RDRSa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFVhdkMrN2d5M3FQSW1yclRNdzZGZkdzbXk5eWprOEt4UTlkdWlDcU9HQ21IWll2NXRwU3VxRFk2N20wd1hLSkJ0NE5zbS9EUXpSc2FHNTc2MFhnamdtdy9jNlMzdjZ5OGJZOW9ncnpMM3V2TDZTbTNzSXhFdEt5Nis5SWZDd3AiLCJtYWMiOiJjOGFlMTdhYWM5ZDA0MjE2OTM1Mjk4NTQ4ODk2YzNiY2FmODEyZWU3YTIyODYyOThjZWJlN2M5YWM2ZjNjZTlhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:30:55 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InY5Tmh5NVVUdEozV0JESTY5RDRSa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFVhdkMrN2d5M3FQSW1yclRNdzZGZkdzbXk5eWprOEt4UTlkdWlDcU9HQ21IWll2NXRwU3VxRFk2N20wd1hLSkJ0NE5zb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9uTkE5SW9SU1NHSW9yMFJxZUF4R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK21NZGoyalFxOEZyZXdJSG1GbWhpWHdRUzY2K1VHTnJsZW9oRWM5UE5oMDRVbDFESTFjT2IwN25zandtWWg5ZGh0UnpuU2tUSHRtMDJqM1hYMTNLUW1uQ3RLSE9aWGFXQzYzWHBKRnpGZHNOUUFxTjlZSHoxQnFDZzQySXovSDQiLCJtYWMiOiIzNDMxYmE4ZGMzNDY3NzBkODhjOWZiZWJmOGVjZWZlY2Y0YjQyNWNmZDYzNDUzOTVkMWY1ZjkxNjM0OTdlMzMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9uTkE5SW9SU1NHSW9yMFJxZUF4R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK21NZGoyalFxOEZyZXdJSG1GbWhpWHdRUzY2K1VHTnJsZW9oRWM5UE5oMDRVbDFESTFjT2IwN25" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InY5Tmh5NVVUdEozV0JESTY5RDRSa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFVhdkMrN2d5M3FQSW1yclRNdzZGZkdzbXk5eWprOEt4UTlkdWlDcU9HQ21IWll2NXRwU3VxRFk2N20wd1hLSkJ0NE5zbS9EUXpSc2FHNTc2MFhnamdtdy9jNlMzdjZ5OGJZOW9ncnpMM3V2TDZTbTNzSXhFdEt5Nis5SWZDd3AiLCJtYWMiOiJjOGFlMTdhYWM5ZDA0MjE2OTM1Mjk4NTQ4ODk2YzNiY2FmODEyZWU3YTIyODYyOThjZWJlN2M5YWM2ZjNjZTlhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:30:55 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InY5Tmh5NVVUdEozV0JESTY5RDRSa1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFVhdkMrN2d5M3FQSW1yclRNdzZGZkdzbXk5eWprOEt4UTlkdWlDcU9HQ21IWll2NXRwU3VxRFk2N20wd1hLSkJ0NE5zb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9uTkE5SW9SU1NHSW9yMFJxZUF4R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK21NZGoyalFxOEZyZXdJSG1GbWhpWHdRUzY2K1VHTnJsZW9oRWM5UE5oMDRVbDFESTFjT2IwN25zandtWWg5ZGh0UnpuU2tUSHRtMDJqM1hYMTNLUW1uQ3RLSE9aWGFXQzYzWHBKRnpGZHNOUUFxTjlZSHoxQnFDZzQySXovSDQiLCJtYWMiOiIzNDMxYmE4ZGMzNDY3NzBkODhjOWZiZWJmOGVjZWZlY2Y0YjQyNWNmZDYzNDUzOTVkMWY1ZjkxNjM0OTdlMzMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9uTkE5SW9SU1NHSW9yMFJxZUF4R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiK21NZGoyalFxOEZyZXdJSG1GbWhpWHdRUzY2K1VHTnJsZW9oRWM5UE5oMDRVbDFESTFjT2IwN25" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "aEA1qhkFrvgEorciy3BUJ27AfOaz53FEhppokDKq" "uc_cart_id" => "9c65044005c85e64ec0c8b4fbfbbee5b" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10512" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:30:55GET/chapter/105121121912